Shiga - Dokar Linux - Dokar Unix

Sunan

shiga - shiga a kan

SYNOPSIS

shiga [ suna ]
shiga -p
login -h sunan mai masauki
login -f sunan

Sakamakon

Ana amfani da shiga lokacin shiga cikin tsarin . Ana iya amfani da ita don canzawa daga mai amfani ɗaya zuwa wani a kowane lokaci (mafi yawan ƙwararrun zamani suna da goyon bayan wannan siffar da aka gina a cikinsu, duk da haka).

Idan ba'a ba da hujja ba, login yana nuna wa mai amfani.

Idan mai amfani ba tushe ba ne, kuma idan / sauransu / nologin ya wanzu, an shigar da abinda ke cikin wannan fayil zuwa allon, kuma an gama shiga. Ana amfani da shi a mafi yawanci don hana ingancin lokacin da aka cire tsarin.

Idan ƙuntataccen damar shiga na musamman an ƙayyade ga mai amfani a / sauransu / wajibi , dole ne a hadu da waɗannan, ko shigarwa a cikin ƙoƙari za a hana shi kuma an samar da saƙon syslog . Dubi sashi a kan "Ƙuntataccen Ƙuntatawa na Musamman".

Idan mai amfani yana da tushe, to lallai login dole ne faruwa a kan tty da aka jera a / sauransu / amintacce . Kuskuren za a shiga tare da tashar syslog .

Bayan an duba wadannan yanayi, za'a buƙaci kalmar sirri kuma a bincika (idan an buƙatar kalmar wucewa don sunan mai amfani). An yi ƙoƙarin yin ƙoƙari goma kafin a mutuwar mutuwar, amma bayan bayanan farko, amsawa zata fara ragu. Ana faɗakar da kuskuren shiga ta hanyar hanyar syslog . Ana amfani da wannan makaman don bayar da rahoto ga duk abin da ya faru.

Idan fayil ɗin .hushlogin ya wanzu, to an yi amfani da kalmar "shiru" (wannan ya ƙi yin rajistan imel da kuma bugu na ƙarshe lokacin shiga da sakon ranar). In ba haka ba, idan / var / log / karshe ya wanzu, ana buga lokaci na ƙarshe na ƙarshe (kuma an shigar da sunan shiga yanzu).

Abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka dace, kamar kafa UID da GID na tty. Za'a kiyaye tasirin yanayin TERM idan akwai (wasu masu canjin yanayi suna kiyaye su idan an yi amfani da -p ). Sa'an nan kuma an saita ɗakunan Ginin, PATH, SHELL, TERM, MAIL, da kuma LOGNAME. PATH ta ba da dama ga / usr / gida / bin: / bin: / usr / bin :. don masu amfani na al'ada, da / sbin: / bin: / usr / sbin: / usr / bin don tushen. Ƙarshe, idan wannan ba shi da saiti na "shiru" ba, an aika sako na ranar kuma fayil din da sunan mai amfani a / var / spool / mail za a bincika, kuma sakon da aka buga idan yana da tsayin daka ba.

An fara harsashi mai amfani. Idan babu harsashi da aka ƙayyade ga mai amfani a / sauransu / passwd , to ana amfani da / bin / sh . Idan babu wani kundin da aka kayyade a / sauransu / passwd , to, / ana amfani da shi (an bincika kulawar gida ga fayil na .hushlogin da aka bayyana a sama).

KARANTA

-p

Used by getty (8) don gaya login kada ku halakar da yanayi

-f

An yi amfani da shi don tsayar da kalmar sirri ta biyu. Wannan na musamman ba ya aiki don tushe, kuma baya bayyana aiki a karkashin Linux .

-h

Amfani da wasu sabobin (watau telnetd (8)) don sanya sunan mai watsa shiri mai nisa don shiga don a sanya shi a cikin utmp da wtmp. Abin sani kawai superuser zai yi amfani da wannan zaɓi.

Musamman Bayar da Ƙuntatawa

Fayil din / sauransu / amintacce ya lissafa sunaye na ttys inda aka yarda da tushen su shiga. Za a ƙayyade sunan daya daga na'urar tty ba tare da / dev / prefix a kowane layi ba. Idan fayil bai wanzu ba, an yarda da tushen don shiga cikin kowane tty.

A kan mafi yawancin tsarin Linux na yau da kullum (Fasaha Tabbatar Gaskiya). A kan tsarin da ba sa amfani da PAM, fayil / sauransu / ƙaddara yana ƙayyade ƙuntatawa na samun dama ga masu amfani na musamman. Idan wannan fayil bai wanzu ba, babu ƙarin ƙuntataccen damar shiga. Fayil ya ƙunshi jerin sassan. Akwai nau'ikan sashe guda uku: KASHI, GROUPS da masu amfani. Sashen ƙungiyoyi suna fassara ɗakunan ttys da alamar sunan mai masauki, ƙungiyar GROUPS ta ƙayyade ttys da runduna a kan kowane tsari, kuma ƙungiyar masu amfani da ita ta ƙayyade ttys da runduna a kan kowane mai amfani.

Kowace layi a cikin wannan fayil ɗin na iya kasancewa fiye da harufa 255. Comments fara tare da # halin da kuma mika zuwa ƙarshen layin.

Sashen KASHI

Sashe na Ƙungiyar ta fara da kalmar CLASSES a farkon layin a cikin kowane akwati. Kowane layi na gaba har zuwa farkon sabon sashe ko ƙarshen fayil ya ƙunshi jerin kalmomin da suka raba ta shafuka ko sarari. Kowace layi tana nuna ɗayan ttys da kuma alamun kamfani.

Kalmar da aka fara a layi an bayyana a matsayin sunan gama-gari don ttys da kuma alamun kamfani da aka ƙayyade a sauran layin. Za'a iya amfani da wannan sunan na gamawa a cikin kowane GROUPS ko masu amfani da masu amfani. Babu irin wannan suna dole ne ya zama wani ɓangare na fassarar wani ɗalibai don kaucewa matsaloli tare da karatun recursive.

Misali Misalin sashe:

KASHI myclass1 tty1 tty2 myclass2 tty3 @ .foo.com

Wannan ya bayyana nau'ikan myclass1 da myclass2 a matsayin kusurwar hannun dama.

Ƙungiyar GROUPS

Sashen ƙungiyar GROUPS ya bayyana ttys da kuma rundunonin da aka yarda akan kowane ɗayan Unix. Idan mai amfani ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Unix bisa ga / sauransu / passwd da / sauransu / rukuni kuma irin wannan rukuni an ambace shi a cikin sashen GROUPS a / da / sauransu / wajibi to ana amfani da mai amfani idan ƙungiyar ta kasance.

Ƙungiyar GROUPS ta fara ne da kalmar GROUPS a duk ƙararraki mafi girma a farkon layin, kuma kowane layi na gaba shine jerin kalmomi da suka rabu da sarari ko shafuka. Kalmar farko a kan layi shine sunan ƙungiyar kuma sauran kalmomin da ke kan layi na ƙayyade ttys da rundunonin inda aka ba wa mambobin wannan damar. Wadannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya ƙila yin amfani da ɗakunan da aka bayyana a cikin sassan ƙungiyar CLASSES.

Misali sashe GROUPS.

GROUPS sys tty1 @ .bar.edu bincike myclass1 tty4

Wannan misali ya ƙayyade cewa yan ƙungiyar sys na iya shiga cikin tty1 kuma daga runduna a yankin bar.edu. Masu amfani a cikin zauren ɗalibai zasu iya shiga daga runduna / ttys da aka ƙayyade a cikin classc myclass1 ko daga tty4.

Sashe masu amfani

Ƙungiyar masu amfani da ita ta fara tare da kalmar Masu amfani da ita a duk batutuwa mafi girma a farkon layin, kuma kowane layi na gaba shine jerin kalmomin da suka raba ta sarari ko shafuka. Kalmar farko a layi ita ce sunan mai amfani kuma an yarda da mai amfani don shiga cikin ttys kuma daga rundunonin da aka ambata akan sauran layin. Wadannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya ƙunsar kundin da aka bayyana a cikin sassan ƙungiyar CLASSES. Idan ba a sanya maɓallin ɓangaren ɓangare a saman fayil ɗin ba, ɓangaren farko ya ɓatar da shi don zama ƙungiyar masu amfani.

Misali Sashen masu amfani da kwamfuta:

Masu amfani zacho tty1 @ 130.225.16.0 / 255.255.255.0 blue tty3 myclass2

Wannan ya sa mai amfani zai iya shiga kawai tty1 kuma daga runduna tare da adireshin IP a cikin kewayon 130.225.16.0 - 130.225.16.255, kuma mai amfani blue yana yarda ya shiga daga tty3 da abin da aka ƙayyade a cikin classc myclass2.

Za'a iya samun layi a cikin ƙungiyar masu amfani da farawa tare da sunan mai amfani na *. Wannan wata doka ce ta ƙare kuma za a yi amfani da kowane mai amfani ba daidai da kowane layi ba.

Idan duka layin mai amfani da kuma GROUPS sun dace da mai amfani sannan ana ba da damar samun damar mai amfani daga ƙungiyar dukan ttys / runduna da aka ambata a cikin waɗannan bayanai.

Tushen

Tty da ƙayyadaddun alamu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙayyadewa na azuzuwan, ƙungiya da damar mai amfani suna kiransa asali. Maganin asalin asali na iya samun ɗaya daga cikin wadannan siffofin:

o

Sunan na'urar tty ba tare da / dev / prefix ba, misali tty1 ko ttyS0.

o

Maganin @localhost, ma'ana cewa ana amfani da mai amfani zuwa telnet / rlogin daga mai gida zuwa masaukin. Wannan kuma ya ba da damar mai amfani don misali bi umurnin: xterm -e / bin / login.

o

Sunan mai suna kamar haka @ .some.dom, ma'ana cewa mai amfani zai iya rlogin / telnet daga kowane mai watsa shiri wanda sunansa yana da suffix .some.dom.

o

Adadin adiresoshin IPv4, a rubuce @ xxxx / yyyy inda xxxx shine adireshin IP a cikin sanannun ma'auni na ma'auni na quad, kuma yyyy wani bitmask ne a cikin wannan bayanin da ya ragu a cikin adireshin don kwatanta da adireshin IP na mai karɓa . Alal misali @ 130.225.16.0 / 255.255.254.0 na nufin cewa mai amfani na iya rlogin / telnet daga kowane mai watsa shiri wanda adireshin IP yake cikin kewayon 130.225.16.0 - 130.225.17.255.

Duk wani daga asalin da aka samo shi zai iya zamawa ta farko ta hanyar ƙayyade lokaci kamar yadda aka rubuta:

timespec :: = '[' [':' ] * ']' day :: = 'mon' | 'kashe' | 'aure' | 'na' | 'fri' | 'zauna' | 'rana' hour :: = '0' | '1' | ... | '23' hourspec :: = | '-' rana-ko-hour :: = |

Alal misali, asali [asalin: maris: aya: fri: 8-17] tty3 yana nufin cewa shiga cikin lahira ta hanyar jumma tsakanin 8:00 da 17:59 (5:59 pm) akan tty3. Wannan kuma ya nuna cewa tashar awa guda ab ya ƙunshi duk lokacin tsakanin 00 da b: 59. Bayanan sa'a ɗaya (kamar 10) na nufin lokaci yana tsakanin 10 da 10:59.

Ba'a ƙayyade kowane lokaci lokaci na farko ba don tty ko mashahurin yana nufin hadewa daga asali an yarda kowane lokaci. Idan ka ba da takaddun lokaci kafin tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun kwanakin da daya ko fiye da sa'o'i ko jere. Ƙayyadaddden lokaci zai iya ƙila ya haɗa da kowane sarari sarari.

Idan ba'a ba doka ba sai masu amfani ba su dace da kowane layi / sauransu / masu amfani ba su yarda su shiga daga ko'ina kamar yadda hali yake daidai.

Bincika ALSO

init (8), shutdown (8)

Muhimmin: Yi amfani da umurnin mutum ( % mutum ) don ganin yadda aka yi amfani da umarnin akan kwamfutarka.