DNS ne mai fassara tsakanin masauki da adiresoshin IP
A cikin sauƙi, Domain Name System (DNS) tarin bayanai ne wanda ke fassara sunayen masauki zuwa adireshin IP .
An kira DNS sau da yawa a matsayin littafin waya na intanet saboda ya sauya sauƙi-da-tuna masauki kamar www.google.com , zuwa adireshin IP kamar 216.58.217.46 . Wannan yana faruwa a bayan al'amuran bayan an rubuta URL a cikin adireshin adireshin yanar gizo.
Ba tare da DNS (kuma musamman injunan binciken kamar Google ba), yin amfani da intanet ba zai zama mai sauƙi ba tun lokacin da muke son shiga adireshin IP na kowane shafin yanar gizon da muke son ziyarta.
Ta yaya DNS aiki?
Idan har yanzu ba a bayyana ba, ainihin manufar yadda DNS ke aiki shi ne mai sauƙi: kowane adireshin yanar gizo da aka shiga cikin web browser (kamar Chrome, Safari, ko Firefox) an aika zuwa saitunan DNS , wanda ya fahimci yadda za a taswira wannan sunan zuwa adireshin IP na daidai.
Yana da adireshin IP ɗin da na'urori ke amfani da su don sadarwa tare da juna tun da ba za su iya kuma ba su ba da labari ba ta amfani da suna kamar www.google.com , www.youtube.com , da dai sauransu. Muna samun kawai shigar da sunan mai sauki zuwa waɗannan shafukan yanar gizo yayin da DNS yayi duk binciken da muke yi, yana bamu kusa-nan take ga adiresoshin IP masu dacewa da ake buƙata don buɗe shafukan da muke so.
Bugu da ƙari, www.microsoft.com, www. , www.amazon.com , da kuma duk wani sunan yanar gizon da ake amfani dashi don saukakawa saboda yana da sauƙin tunawa da waɗannan sunaye fiye da tunawa da adiresoshin IP.
Kwamfuta da ake kira sabobin tushen suna da alhakin adana adiresoshin IP ga kowane yanki-matakin . Lokacin da ake buƙatar yanar gizon, shine uwar garken tushen da ke tafiyar da wannan bayani kafin ya gano mataki na gaba a tsarin binciken. Bayan haka, an tura sunan yankin zuwa Domain Name Resolver (DNR), wadda take cikin ISP , don ƙayyade adireshin IP daidai. A ƙarshe, an mayar da wannan bayanin zuwa na'urar da ka nema daga.
Yadda za a Gyara DNS
Tsarin ayyukan kamar Windows da sauransu za su adana adireshin IP da wasu bayanai game da sunayen masauki a gida don su iya samun dama sauri fiye da ci gaba da kai ga uwar garken DNS. Lokacin da kwamfutar ta fahimci cewa wani sunan mai masauki yana kama da wani adireshin IP, ana iya adana bayanin a adana shi, ko aka ajiye shi a kan na'urar.
Duk da yake tunawa da bayanin DNS yana da taimako, wani lokaci yakan iya ɓatawa ko kuma m. Yawancin lokaci tsarin aiki ya kawar da wannan bayanan bayan wani lokaci, amma idan kuna fuskantar matsalolin samun shafin yanar gizon yanar gizo kuma kuna tsammanin shi ne saboda batun DNS, mataki na farko shi ne tilastawa-share wannan bayanin don yada sabon saiti, sabunta bayanan DNS.
Ya kamata ku iya sake sake kwamfutarka idan kuna da matsaloli tare da DNS saboda ba a kiyaye cache ta DNS ta hanyar sake sakewa ba. Duk da haka, cire fitar da cache da hannu a madadin sake yin aiki yayi sauri.
Kuna iya jawo DNS a cikin Windows ta Umurnin Umurnin tare da umurnin ipconfig / flushdns . Shafin yanar gizo Menene ta DNS? yana da umarnin yin amfani da DNS don kowane ɓangaren Windows , da don MacOS da Linux.
Yana da muhimmanci a tuna da wannan, dangane da yadda aka saita na'urarka ta na'ura mai sauƙi , za a adana adreshin DNS a can. Idan flushing da DNS cache a kan kwamfutarka ba ya gyara your DNS matsala, ya kamata ka shakka kokarin sake farawa your na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa to rushe cewa DNS cache.
Lura: Ba a cire fayiloli a cikin fayil ɗin runduna ba lokacin da aka kulle cache na DNS mai tsabta. Dole ne ku shirya fayilolin runduna don kawar da sunaye da adiresoshin IP waɗanda aka adana a can.
Malware na iya rinjayar shigarwar DNS
Ganin cewa DNS yana da alhakin sarrafa sunayen masauki zuwa wasu adiresoshin IP, ya kamata a fili cewa yana da manufa mai mahimmanci don aiki mara kyau. Masu amfani da kaya za su iya tura maka buƙatarka don hanya mai aiki na al'ada zuwa ɗaya wanda ke da tarko domin tattara kalmomin shiga ko bauta wa malware .
Ana guba guba da shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan yanar gizo na DNS don ƙaddamar da wani sunan mai masauki zuwa adireshin IP daban-daban fiye da abin da aka sanya wa sunan mai masauki ɗin, yadda ya kamata a sake turawa inda kuka yi niyyar zuwa. Ana yin wannan ne kullum don kokarin kai ka zuwa intanet wanda ke cike da fayiloli masu ɓarna ko kuma yin wani maƙallin phishing don tricking ka cikin samun damar yanar gizo mai kama da wannan don ya sata takardun shaidarka na shiga.
Yawancin ayyuka na DNS suna ba da kariya daga wadannan hare-hare.
Wata hanyar da masu jefawa za su shafar shigarwar DNS shine don amfani da fayil ɗin runduna. Fayil din mai amfani shi ne fayil da aka adana ta gida wanda aka yi amfani dashi a wurin DNS kafin DNS ya zama kayan aiki mai yalwa don warware sunayen masauki, amma har yanzu fayil ɗin ya kasance a cikin shahararren tsarin aiki. Abubuwan da aka adana a cikin wannan fayil sun shafe saitunan uwar garke DNS, saboda haka yana da manufa ta musamman ga malware.
Wata hanya mai sauƙi don kare fayil ɗin runduna daga yin gyara shi ne a yi alama a matsayin fayil din kawai . A cikin Windows, kawai bincika zuwa babban fayil ɗin da ke da fayil din rundunar: % Systemdrive% \ Windows \ System32 \ drivers \ da sauransu \ . Danna dama-shi ko taɓa-da-rike, zaɓi Properties , sa'annan ka sanya rajistan shiga a cikin akwati kusa da siffar Read-only .
Ƙarin Bayani akan DNS
Aikin ISP wanda ke aiki a yanzu ya sanya saitunan DNS don na'urorinka don amfani (idan kana da alaka da DHCP ), amma ba'a tilasta ka tsaya tare da waɗannan saitunan DNS ba. Sauran sabobin zasu iya samar da siffofi na shinge don biyan ziyarci shafukan yanar gizon yanar gizon yanar gizo, masu bincike na talla, zangon intanet na tsofaffi, da sauran siffofin Dubi wannan rukunin Saitunan Sulhuntawa na Jama'a da Jama'a don wasu misalai na madaidaitan sabobin DNS.
Ko komfuta yana amfani da DHCP don samun adireshin IP ko kuma idan yana amfani da adireshin IP mai mahimmanci , za ka iya ƙayyade saitunan DNS na al'ada. Duk da haka, idan ba a saita tare da DHCP ba, dole ne ka sanya saitunan DNS ya kamata su yi amfani da su.
Saitunan uwar garke DNS masu ƙayyadaddun sune sun fi dacewa akan ƙayyadaddun saitunan, saitunan sama-ƙasa. A wasu kalmomi, saitunan DNS sun fi kusa da na'urar da na'urar ke amfani. Alal misali, idan ka canza saitunan uwar garke na DNS a kan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa wani abu da aka ƙayyade, to, duk na'urorin da aka haɗa zuwa na'urar mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa za su yi amfani da waɗannan sabobin DNS. Duk da haka, idan ka canza saitunan uwar garken DNS a kan PC zuwa wani abu daban-daban , wannan kwamfutar zata yi amfani da sabobin DNS daban daban fiye da sauran na'urorin da aka haɗa zuwa wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Wannan shi ne dalilin da cewa kullun da aka lalata DNS akan kwamfutarka zai iya hana yanar gizo daga yin aiki ko da guda ɗaya suna buɗe kullum akan kwamfuta daban daban a kan wannan hanyar sadarwa.
Kodayake URLs da muke shiga a cikin masu bincike na intanit sune sunaye masu sauƙi kamar suna www. , za ka iya maimakon amfani da adireshin IP wanda sunan mai masauki ya nuna, kamar https://151.101.1.121) don samun dama ga yanar gizon. Wannan shi ne saboda har yanzu kana samun dama ga wannan uwar garken ko wane hanya - hanya daya (ta amfani da sunan) yana da sauƙin tunawa.
A wannan bayanin, idan akwai wasu batutuwa da na'urarka ta tuntuɓar uwar garke na DNS, zaku iya kewaye shi ta hanyar shigar da adireshin IP a cikin adireshin adireshin maimakon sunan mai masauki. Yawancin mutane ba su da adadin adiresoshin IP waɗanda suka dace da sunayen masauki, ko da yake, saboda bayanan, wannan shine dalilin da ake amfani da uwar garken DNS a farkon wuri.
Lura: Wannan ba ya aiki tare da kowane shafukan yanar gizo da adireshin IP tun lokacin da wasu shafukan intanit sun haɗu da asusun tallace-tallace, wanda ke nufin cewa samun dama ga adireshin IP ta uwar garken yanar gizo baya bayyana wane shafi, musamman, ya kamata ya bude.
Lissafin "littafin waya" da ke ƙayyade adireshin IP dangane da sunan mai masauki ana kiransa mai bincike na gaba DNS . Kishiyar, a baya DNS lookup , wani abu dabam da za a iya yi tare da DNS sabobin. Wannan shi ne lokacin da aka gano sunan mai masauki ta adireshin IP. Wannan nau'in binciken ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa adireshin IP da ke hade da wannan sunan mai masauki na musamman adreshin IP ne.
DNS bayanai store kuri'a na abubuwa ban da IP adiresoshin da masaukin sunayen. Idan ka taba kafa adireshin imel a kan shafin yanar gizon ko canja wurin sunan yankin, za ka iya shiga cikin sharuddan kamar sunayen sunayen yanki (CNAME) da SchangP masu musayar musayar (MX).