Yin amfani da Linux da kuma Unix Command: nemi

by Juergen Haas

Aikin Linux da Unix suna gudanar da bincike don fayilolin a cikin jagorar shugabancin.

Ƙididdiga don neman umarnin:

sami [hanyar ...] [magana]

Bayani

Wannan shafi na takardun yana da takardun GNU. Umurnin da aka gano yana nema kan bishiyar bishiya wanda aka samo asali a kowane sunan fayil din da aka ba shi ta hanyar yin la'akari da bayanin da aka ba da shi daga hagu zuwa dama, bisa ga ka'idojin ƙaddamarwa (duba sashi a kan Masu aiki a ƙasa), har sai an san sakamakon; a wasu kalmomi, hannun hagun gefen hagu na ƙarya ne da kuma aiki, gaskiya don ko , a wane lokaci ne ke nuna motsi zuwa sunan fayil na gaba.

Shawarar farko ta fara da:

-
( ko )
,
!

an dauki shi ne farkon magana; duk wani muhawara a gabansa akwai hanyoyi don bincika, kuma duk wata hujja bayan bayanan sauran kalmomin. Idan ba a ba da hanyoyi ba, ana amfani da shugabanci na yanzu. Idan ba a ba da bayanin ba, ana amfani da layin-magana.

Dokar da aka samo ya fita tare da matsayi na 0 idan an sarrafa dukkan fayilolin nasara, fiye da 0 idan kurakurai sun auku.

Magana

Maganar ta ƙunshi zaɓuɓɓuka (wanda ya shafi aiki gaba ɗaya maimakon aiki na takamaiman fayil, kuma ko da yaushe ya dawo na gaskiya), gwaje-gwaje (wanda ya dawo da gaskiya ko ƙarya), da kuma ayyuka (waɗanda suke da alamun kullun kuma sun dawo da gaskiya ko ƙarya darajar), duk rabu da masu aiki. Fassara - kuma an ɗauka inda aka cire aikin. Idan magana ba ta ƙunshi wani aiki ba sai dai -dune , to, -print an yi a kan dukkan fayilolin wanda kalmar ta kasance gaskiya.

Zabuka

Duk zaɓuɓɓuka za su dawo da gaskiya. Suna yin tasiri a kullum, maimakon yin amfani da su kawai idan an sami matsayinsu a cikin magana. Saboda haka, don tsabta, zai fi kyau su sanya su a farkon magana.

-daystart	Sakamakon lokutan (don -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ime -ime, -mmin, da -mtime ) daga farkon yau maimakon fiye da 24 hours ago.
-depth	Tsayar da abubuwan da ke cikin shugabanci kafin jagorar kanta.
-follow	Hada hanyoyi masu alaƙa. Ana buƙatar -noleaf .
-help ko --help	Rubuta taƙaitaccen tsarin yin amfani da layi na ganowa da fita.
-maxdepth [lambar]	Rage a mafi yawan matakan (wanda ba mai amfani ba ne) na kundayen adireshi a ƙasa da jayayya na layi. Maganar -maxdepth 0 tana nufin kawai amfani da gwaje-gwajen da ayyuka zuwa layin jigon umarni.
-mindepth [lambar]	Kada kayi amfani da duk wani gwaje-gwaje ko ayyuka a matakan da ke ƙasa da lambar (lambar ba mai amfani ba). Maganar- ƙaddamar 1 yana nufin tafiyar da dukkan fayiloli sai dai jayayya na layin umarni.
-mount	Kada ku sauka kundayen adireshi akan sauran fayilolin fayiloli. Sunan madadin don -xdev , don dacewa tare da wasu sifofin da aka samu .
-noleaf	Kada ku inganta ta hanyar ɗaukar cewa ɗakin kundayen adireshi yana da ƙananan littattafai marasa kyau biyu fiye da ƙididdigarsu mai mahimmanci. *
-wadi ko juyawa	Rubuta lambar da aka samu da kuma fita.
-xdev	Kada ku sauka kundayen adireshi akan sauran fayilolin fayiloli.

* Ana buƙatar wannan zaɓin lokacin binciken fayiloli na fayilolin da ba su bi ka'idar Unix ta haɗin gizon-kai, kamar CD-ROM ko MS-DOS fayilolin tsarin ko maki mai girma na AFS. Kowace shugabanci a kan tsarin fayiloli na Unix na al'ada yana da akalla 2 mawuyacin haɗi: sunansa da kuma . (lokacin) shiga. Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdigarsa (idan kowane) kowannensu yana da hanyar shigarwa da alaka da wannan shugabanci.

Idan aka gano yana nazarin jagorancin, bayan da ya rubuta ɗakunan rubutun ƙananan ƙananan biyu fiye da ƙididdigar jagorar, ya san cewa sauran shigarwar a cikin shugabanci ba su da kundayen adireshi (fayilolin launi a cikin bishiyar bishiya). Idan kawai ana buƙatar ana nazarin sunayen fayilolin, babu buƙatar ɗaukar su; wannan yana ba da karuwar karuwa a cikin gudunmawar neman.

Tests

Ana iya ƙididdige jigilar lambobi kamar:

+ n	Domin mafi girma daga n.
-n	Don kasa da n.
n	Don daidai n.
-amin n	Fayil din da aka karshe ya isa n mintoci da suka wuce.
-anewer [fayil]	Fayil din na karshe ya isa zuwa kwanan nan fiye da yadda aka gyara fayil . -kanyi yana shafar -baya kawai idan -follow ya zo kafin-iner kan layin umarni.
-an lokaci n	Fayil din da aka karshe ya isa n * 24 hours ago.
-cmin n	An canja matsayin matsayin fayil a cikin mintocin da suka wuce.
-cnewer [fayil]	Matsayin fayil ya karshe ya canza kwanan nan fiye da yadda aka gyara fayil din. - wanda zai iya canzawa - ba shi kadai idan -follow ya zo kafin- canzawa a kan layin umarni.
-anime n	An canja matsayin matsayi na n * 24 hours ago.
-mpty	Fayil ba ta da komai kuma yana da fayil din na yau da kullum ko shugabanci.
-false	Ko da yaushe ƙarya.
-fype [irin]	Fayil yana kan tsarin fayiloli na nau'in kayyade. Fayil na fayiloli masu mahimmanci sun bambanta a cikin sigogin daban-daban na Unix; jerin ɗakunan fayilolin da ba su cika ba wanda aka karɓa a kan wasu sigar Unix ko wani shine: ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K. Zaka iya amfani da -printf tare da umurnin% F don ganin irin fayilolin fayiloli naka.
-gid n	Lambar kungiya ta Fayil din ID ita ce n .
-group [gname]	Fayil yana da sunan gwargwadon rukunin (lambar ID mai lamba ID).
-nakanan [alamu]	Kamar -nname, amma wasan ne rashin karamin abu.
-iname [alamu]	Kamar -name , amma wasan wasa ne wanda bai dace ba. Alal misali, alamu fo * da F ?? yi wasa da sunayen fayil Foo , FOO , foo , fOo , da dai sauransu.
-inum n	Fayil yana da lamba mai lamba n .
-bath [alamar]	Kamar -wath , amma wasan shi ne yanayin da ba shi da karfi.
-iregex [alamu]	Kamar -regex, amma wasan yana da damuwa.
-links n	Fayil yana da n links.
-nname [alamu]	Fayil din wata alama ce ta alama wadda take da alamar zane-zane. Wadannan metacharacters ba su bi da / ko . musamman.
-mmin n	Bayanan fayil din an canza shi a cikin mintocin da suka wuce.
-mtime n	Bayanin fayil din ya canzawa kwanan nan n * 24 hours ago.
-name [alamu]	Tushen sunan fayil (hanya tare da manyan kundayen adireshi an cire) yayi daidai da alamar harsashi. Wadannan metacharacters ( * , ? , Da [] ) basu dace ba . a farkon sunan suna. Don watsi da shugabanci da fayiloli a ƙarƙashinsa, amfani da -prune ; duba misali a cikin bayanin fasalin.
-newer [fayil]	An gyara fayil din kwanan nan fiye da fayil . Maganar nan -wallarar da ta shafi shi -faɗaɗɗa ne kawai idan -follow ya zo kafin - karɓa a kan layin umarni.
-nouser	Ba mai amfani da ya dace da ID ɗin mai amfani na lambobi.
-nungiya	Babu rukuni da ya dace da ID na ƙungiyar ID.
-wannan [alamu]	Sunan fayil daidai da alamu na zane-zane . Wadannan metacharacters ba su bi da / ko . musamman; don haka, alal misali, samu. -path './srsc zai buga wani shigarwa ga shugabanci da ake kira ./src/misc (idan akwai). Don watsi da kowane bishiyar bishiya, amfani da -'dune* maimakon duba dukkan fayiloli a cikin itace. Alal misali, don kawar da src / emacs shugabanci da duk fayilolin da kundayen adireshi a ƙarƙashinsa, kuma buga sunayen sunayen sauran fayilolin da aka samo, yi wani abu kamar haka: bincika. -path './src/emacs' -prune -o -print
-narm [yanayin]	Yanayin izinin fayil suna daidai [yanayin] (octal ko alama). Yanayin alama suna amfani da yanayin 0 a matsayin matsayi na tashi.
-perm -mode	Dukkan izinin izini [yanayin] an saita don fayil din.
-perm + yanayin	Duk wani izinin izini [Yanayin] an saita don fayil din.
-regex [alamar]	Sunan fayil yana daidaita alamu na yau da kullum. Wannan wasa ne a duk hanyar, ba bincike ba. Alal misali, don daidaita fayil mai suna ./fubar3, zaka iya amfani da magana na yau da kullum *. Bar. ko . * b. * 3 , amma ba b. * r3** .
-nas n [bckw]	Fayil yana amfani da raka'a na sarari. Rahotan suna cikin jerin fayiloli 512-byte ta hanyar tsoho ko kuma idan sun bi n , bytes idan c bin n , kilobytes idan k bin n , ko kalmomin 2-byte idan w bin n . Girman ba ya ƙididdige ƙuƙwalwar kai tsaye, amma yana ƙidaya tubalan a fayilolin ɓarna waɗanda ba a haɗe su ba.
-true	Kullum gaskiya.
-type c	Fayil na irin c :
b	Block (buffered) musamman
c	Musamman (wanda ba'a buɗa) ba
d	Directory
p	An kira shi (FIFO)
f	Fayil na yau da kullum
l	Alamar alama
s	Socket
D	ƙofar (Solaris)
-uid n	Fayil mai amfani na Fayil din shi ne n .
-used n	Fayil din na karshe ya isa n kwanakin bayan an canja matsayinta na ƙarshe.
-user uname	Fayil yana mallakar mai amfani wanda ba shi da izinin (ID mai amfani da aka ƙayyade ).
-xtype c	Haka ma- tayas sai dai idan fayil ɗin alama ce ta alama. Don alaƙa na alaƙa: idan ba a ba da shi ba, gaskiya ne idan fayil din haɗi ne zuwa fayil din nau'in c ; idan an baiwa, gaskiya idan c shine l. A wasu kalmomi, don alaƙa na alama, -xtype yana duba nau'in fayil ɗin da -bin bai duba ba.

Ayyuka

Dokar umarni

Umurnin kisa; Gaskiya ne idan an dawo da matsayi na 0. Duk wadannan muhawarar da za a samu suna dauke da hujja ga umarni har sai wata gardama ta ƙunshi ';' an ci karo. An maye gurbin kirtani '{}' da sunan mai suna yanzu a duk inda yake faruwa a cikin gardama ga umarni, ba kawai a cikin gardama ba inda yake kadai, kamar yadda a cikin wasu sifofin neman . Duk waɗannan gine-ginen suna bukatar su tsere (tare da "\") ko aka ambata don kare su daga fadada ta harsashi. An kashe umarnin a cikin rukunin farawa.

-fls file

Gaskiya; kamar -s amma rubuta don rubuta kamar -fprint.

-fprint fayil

Gaskiya; buga cikakken sunan fayil cikin file fayil . Idan fayil bai wanzu ba lokacin da aka gudanar, an halicce shi; idan yana wanzu, an ƙaddara shi. Sunaye sunayen '`/ dev / stdout' 'da` `/ dev / stderr' 'musamman akan kulawa; suna nuna zuwa ga fitattun kayan aiki da kuma kuskuren kuskuren daidai, bi da bi.

-fprint0 fayil

Gaskiya; kamar -print0 amma rubuta don rubuta kamar -fprint.

-fprintf tsarin fayil

Gaskiya; kamar -printf amma rubuta don rubuta kamar -fprint.

-ok umurnin ;

Kamar -exec amma ka tambayi mai amfani na farko (a kan shigarwar shigarwa); idan mayar da martani bai fara tare da 'y' ko 'Y' ba, ba sa gudanar da umurnin ba, kuma ya sake karya.

-print

Gaskiya; buga cikakken sunan fayil a kan fitarwa na kwarai, biye da sabon layi.

-print0

Gaskiya; buga cikakken sunan fayil a kan fitarwa na kwarai, sa'annan wani halin lalata ya biyo baya. Wannan yana bada sunayen fayilolin da ke dauke da sabon labaru don a fassara su da kyau ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da ke aiwatar da samfurin binciken .

-printf format

Gaskiya; tsarin bugawa a kan fitarwa na kwarai, fassara '\' tsere da '%' umarnin. Za'a iya ƙayyade ƙananan yanki da ƙayyadewa kamar yadda aikin "printf" C yake. Ba kamar -print, -printf ba ya ƙara sabon layi a karshen kirtani. Sauke da umarni su ne:

\ a

Ƙararrawa ƙararrawa.

\ b

Backspace.

\ c

Tsaya bugawa daga wannan tsari nan da nan kuma jawo fitarwa.

\ f

Kayan abinci.

\ n

Newline.

\ r

Sake dawowa.

\ t

Shafin kwance.

\ v

Shafin tsaye.

Binciken da ke faruwa (`\ ').

\ NNN

Halin da lambar ASCII ta kasance NNN (octal).

A halin '\' da ake bi ta kowane hali kuma an bi da shi azaman dabi'a, don haka an buga su duka.

Alamar digiri na gaskiya.

% a

Lokaci na karshe na fayil na fayil a cikin tsarin da aikin C 'ctime ya dawo.

% A k

Lokaci na karshe na fayil ɗin a cikin tsarin da k kayyade ta k , wanda shine ko dai "@" ko umarni don aikin C 'strftime'. Kamanan dabi'u na k an lissafa a kasa; wasu daga cikinsu bazai samuwa a kan dukkanin tsarin ba, saboda bambancin dake cikin 'strftime' tsakanin tsarin.

seconds tun Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.

Lokaci lokaci:

awa (00..23)

awa (01..12)

awa (0..23)

awa (1..12)

minti (00..59)

Yanayin AM ko PM

lokaci, 12-hour (hh: mm: ss [AP] M)

na biyu (00..61)

lokaci, 24-hour (hh: mm: ss)

Halin lokaci na wakilci (H: M: S)

lokaci lokaci (misali, EDT), ko babu komai idan babu wani lokacin da za a iya ganowa

Kwanan wata filayen:

Sunan sunaye na mako-mako (Sun..Sat)

sunan cikakken mako na gida, tsawon tsawon lokaci (Lahadi .. Satumba)

Sunan watanni na tsawon lokaci (Jan..Dec)

Sunan cikakken suna a cikin gida, tsawon lokaci mai tsawo (Janairu ..Dabiye)

kwanan wata da lokaci na gida (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 YA 1989)

ranar watan (01..31)

kwanan wata (mm / dd / yy)

kamar yadda b

rana ta shekara (001..366)

watan (01..12)

Shekaru na mako tare da Lahadi a matsayin ranar farko na mako (00..53)

ranar mako (0..6)

Shekaru na mako tare da Litinin a matsayin ranar farko na mako (00..53)

Lambar kwanan wata (mm / dd / yy)

biyu na ƙarshe na shekara (00..99)

shekara (1970 ...)

% b

Girman fayiloli a cikin ƙuƙwalwar 512-byte (ƙaddarawa).

% c

Yanayin karshe na fayil yana canza lokacin a cikin tsarin da aka dawo da aikin C 'ctime'.

% C k

Yanayin karshe na fayil yana canja lokaci a cikin tsarin da kayyade ta k , wanda yake daidai da% A.

% d

Girman fayil a cikin bishiyar jagorancin; 0 yana nufin fayil ɗin shine layin jigon umarni.

% f

Sunan fayil tare da duk wani kundin adireshi masu guba wanda aka cire (kawai kashi na ƙarshe).

% F

Nau'in fayilolin fayiloli na fayil ɗin yana kunne; wannan darajar za a iya amfani dashi don -fype.

% g

Sunan rukunin fayiloli, ko ƙungiyar ID ɗin lambobi idan ƙungiyar ba shi da suna.

% G

Lambar ƙungiyar lambobi ta fayil.

% h

Jagorar masu mahimmanci na sunan fayil (duk amma kashi na ƙarshe).

% H

Lambar umarni na umurnin wanda aka samo fayil din.

% i

Lambar inode na Fayil (a cikin adadi).

% k

Girman fayiloli a cikin 1K tubalan (tasowa sama).

% l

Manufar haɗin alamar alama (maras layi idan fayil ba alamar alama ce) ba.

% m

Bayanin izinin fayil (a cikin octal).

% n

Yawan mawuyacin haɗi zuwa fayil.

% p

Sunan fayil.

% P

Sunan fayil tare da sunan layin layin umarnin da aka samo a cire shi.

% s

Girman fayil a bytes.

% t

Yanayin gyara na karshe na fayil a cikin tsarin da aikin C 'ctime ya dawo.

% T k

Yanayin gyara na karshe na fayil a cikin tsarin da kayyade ta k , wanda yake daidai da% A.

% u

Sunan mai amfani na Fayil, ko ID mai amfani idan aka mai amfani ba shi da suna.

% U

ID na mai amfani na mai amfani.

A halin '%' wanda ya biyo bayan wani hali an jefa shi (amma an buga wani hali).

-datsa

Idan ba'a ba da ba, gaskiya; kar ka sauko da shugabanci na yanzu.
Idan an baiwa -ppth, ƙarya; babu sakamako.

-ls

Gaskiya; lissafin fayil a yanzu a cikin tsarin 'ls -dils' akan fitarwa na yau da kullum. Ƙididdigar toshe na 1K tubalan, sai dai idan an saita yanayin yanayin POSIXLY_CORRECT, wanda aka yi amfani da tubalan 512-byte.

Masu aiki

An lissafa ta saboda ragewar haɓakawa:

( expr )

Tsarin ƙarfin.

! expr

Gaskiya idan expr ƙarya ne.

- ba expr

Haka ma! expr .

expr1 expr2

Kuma (nuna); expr2 ba a kimanta idan expr1 ba ƙarya.

expr1 -a expr2

Same a matsayin expr1 expr2 .

expr1 - kuma expr2

Same a matsayin expr1 expr2 .

expr1 -n expr2

Ko; expr2 ba a kimanta idan expr1 gaskiya ne ba.

expr1 -n expr2

Same a matsayin expr1 -o expr2 .

expr1 , expr2

Jerin; dukkanin expr1 da expr2 suna koyaushe. An kori darajar expr1 ; darajar lissafi shine darajar expr2 .

Misalai

sami / gida -user joe

Nemi kowane fayil karkashin jagorancin / gidan mallakin mai amfani.

sami / usr -name * stat

Nemo kowane fayil karkashin jagorancin / usr ya ƙare a ".stat".

sami / var / spool -mtime +60

Nemo kowane fayil a karkashin jagorancin / var / spool da aka sabunta fiye da kwanaki 60 da suka gabata.

sami / tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs / bin / rm -f

Nemo fayilolin da aka ambata a cikin ko a ƙasa da shugabanci / tmp kuma share su. Lura cewa wannan zai yi aiki daidai ba idan akwai wasu filenames dauke da sabon ƙididdiga, guda ɗaya ko sau biyu ba, ko sarari.

sami / tmp -name core -type f -print0 | xargs -0 / bin / rm -f

Nemo fayilolin da aka ambata a cikin ko a ƙasa da jagorancin / tmp kuma share su, sarrafa fayiloli a hanyar da fayil din ko sunaye sun hada da guda ɗaya ko sau biyu, alamu ko sabon labarun ana amfani dasu daidai. Tambayar-sunan din tazo ne kafin gwajin-gwaji don kaucewa samun kira (2) a kowane fayil.

sami. F -exec fayil '{}' \;

Runs 'fayil' a kowane fayil a ko a ƙasa da shugabanci na yau. Yi la'akari da cewa an sanya takalmin gyare-gyare a cikin alamomi guda ɗaya don kare su daga fassarar matsayin rubutun rubutun harsashi. An kare shi ta hanyar amfani da shi kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi, ko da yake ';' an iya amfani dashi a wannan yanayin kuma.

sami / \ (-perm -4000 -fprintf /root/suid.txt "% # m% a% p \ n \ \", \ \ (-size + 100M -fprintf /root/big.txt "% -10s% p \ n '\)

Komawa fayilolin fayilolin sau ɗaya kawai, jerin sunayen fayiloli da adireshin kundin adireshi zuwa /root/suid.txt da manyan fayilolin zuwa /root/big.txt .

sami $ HOME -mtime 0

Nemo fayiloli a cikin gidanka wanda aka gyaggyara a cikin sa'o'i ashirin da hudu. Wannan umurni yana aiki ta wannan hanya saboda lokaci tun lokacin da aka gyara kowane fayil ɗin da aka raba shi da sa'o'i 24 da ragowar kowane saura. Wannan yana nufin cewa ya dace -mtime

0 , fayil zai yi gyare-gyare a baya wanda yake da ƙasa da sa'o'i 24 da suka wuce.

sami. -perm 664

Bincika fayilolin da suka karanta da rubuta izini ga mai shi, da kuma rukuni, amma abin da wasu masu amfani zasu iya karanta amma ba su rubuta ba. Fayilolin da suka dace da waɗannan ka'idoji amma suna da wasu izinin rabuwar izini (alal misali idan wani zai iya kashe fayil din) ba za a daidaita ba.

sami. -perm -664

Bincika fayilolin da suka karanta da rubuta izini ga mai shi da ƙungiyarsu, da kuma wasu masu amfani zasu iya karantawa, ba tare da la'akari da duk wani izinin izini ba (alal misali alamar aiwatarwa). Wannan zai dace da fayil wanda ke da yanayin 0777, misali.

sami. -perm / 222

Bincika fayiloli wanda wasu (wanda suka mallaki su, ko ƙungiyar su, ko wani).

sami. -perm / 220 sami. -perm / u + w, g + w sami. -perm / u = w, g = w

Duk waɗannan dokokin uku sunyi daidai da wancan, amma na farko yana amfani da wakilcin octal na yanayin fayil, ɗayan kuma suna amfani da nau'i na alama. Wadannan umarni duk sun nemo fayiloli waɗanda suka dace da ko dai maiginsu ko ƙungiyar su. Fayiloli bazai zama masu dacewa da mai shi da ƙungiya don daidaitawa ba; ko dai za su yi.

sami. -perm -220 sami. -perm -g + w, u + w

Duk waɗannan umarnin suna yin haka; bincika fayilolin da suka dace da dukansu da kuma ƙungiyar su.

sami. -perm -444 -perm / 222! -perm / 111 sami. -perm -a + r -perm / a + w! -perm / a + x

Wadannan umarni guda biyu nema biyu don bincika fayilolin da za su iya saukewa ga kowa (-perm -444 ko -perm -a + r), suna da akalla a rubuce-rubucen bit kafa (-perm / 222 ko -perm / a + w) amma ba a aiwatar da su ga wani (! -perm / 111 da! -perm / a + x daidai da haka)

Muhimmin: Yi amfani da umurnin mutum ( % mutum ) don ganin yadda aka yi amfani da umarnin akan kwamfutarka.