Gabatarwar
Ana amfani da umarnin Linux grep a matsayin hanya don tace shigarwa.
GREP yana wakiltar Ɗaukar Bayani na Kasuwanci na Duniya kuma don haka don amfani da shi yadda ya kamata, ya kamata ka sami wani ilmi game da maganganun yau da kullum.
A cikin wannan labarin, zan nuna maka misalai da yawa zasu taimaka maka fahimtar umarnin grep.
01 na 09
Yadda Za a Bincika A Matsayi A Tsakanin Amfani da GREP
Ka yi tunanin kana da fayil ɗin rubutu da ake kira littattafai tare da wadannan littattafai na yara:
- Robin Hood
- Ƙungiyar Rikicin Red Jagora
- Peter Pan
- Ƙungiyar Zuwa da Ƙungiya Ta Uku
- Snow White Da Bakwai Dwarfs
- Pinnochio
- Hat a cikin Hat
- Ƙananan Pigs
- Gruffalo
- Charlie da ƙwayar katako
Don samun dukkan littattafai tare da kalmar "A" a cikin taken za ku yi amfani da haɗakarwa mai zuwa:
grep Littattafai
Za a mayar da wadannan sakamakon:
- Ƙungiyar Zuwa da Ƙungiya Ta Uku
- Snow White Da Bakwai Dwarfs
- Hat a cikin Hat
- Ƙananan Pigs
- Gruffalo
- Charlie da ƙwayar katako
A kowane hali, kalmar nan "The" za ta bayyana.
Ka lura cewa bincike shine batun damuwa idan daya daga cikin sunayen sarauta ya "da" a maimakon "The" to baza a dawo da shi ba.
Don watsi da yanayin da za ka iya ƙara canji mai biyowa:
grep littattafan - rashin jituwa
Hakanan zaka iya amfani da -i canza kamar haka:
grep -i littattafai
02 na 09
Bincika Don Tsuntsu A Cikin Fayil ta Amfani da Wildcards
Dokar grep yana da iko sosai. Zaka iya amfani da magungunan alamu da aka saba da su don tace sakamakon.
A cikin wannan misali, zan nuna maka yadda za a bincika kirtani a cikin fayil ta amfani da wildcards .
Ka yi tunanin kana da fayil da aka kira wurare tare da sunayen sunayen Scottish na gaba:
aberdeen
aberystwyth
aberlour
inverurie
inverness
newburgh
sabon ƙwara
sabon galloway
glasgow
edinburgh
Idan kana so ka sami duk wurare tare da inver a cikin sunan yi amfani da haɗin da ake biyo baya:
grep inver * wurare
Alamar alama (*) mahimmanci tana nufin 0 ko yawa. Saboda haka idan kana da wani wuri da ake kira inver ko wani wuri da ake kira inverness sai a sake mayar da su biyu.
Wani abun da za ku iya amfani dashi shine lokacin (.). Zaka iya amfani da wannan don dace da wata wasika.
grep inver.r wurare
Umurin da ke sama zai sami wurare da ake kira inverurie da abin sha'awa amma ba za su sami tabbas ba saboda za'a iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin jerin abubuwa biyu kamar yadda aka nuna ta lokacin guda.
Yawancin lokaci yana da amfani amma yana iya haifar da matsala idan kana da ɗaya a matsayin ɓangare na rubutun da kake nema.
Alal misali duba wannan jerin sunayen yanki
- linux.about.com
- pcsupport.about.com
- mp3.about.com
- minecraft.about.com
- androidgames.about.com
- netforbeginners.about.com
- dailylinuxuser.com
- google.co.uk
- google.au
- direct.gov.uk
Don samun duk abubuwan about.coms kawai za ku iya bincika ta amfani da sabuntawa mai zuwa:
grep * game da * namesnames
Umurin da ke sama zai fada idan jerin sun ƙunshi sunan nan a ciki:
- dailylinuxuser.com/about.html
Kuna iya, sabili da haka, gwada irin wannan haɗin kai:
grep * game.com domainnames
Wannan zai yi aiki har sai akwai wani yanki tare da sunan mai suna:
aboutycom.com
Don gaske bincika kalma game da.com zaka buƙatar tserewa da dot kamar haka:
grep * game da \ .com domainnames
Alamar karshe don nuna maka ita ce alamar tambaya wadda take tsaye ga nau'i ko nau'i daya.
Misali:
yan jarrabawa
Umurnin da ke sama zai dawo da aberdeen, aberystwyth ko ma berwick.
03 na 09
Binciken Ƙungiyar Ciki A Da Farko Da Ƙarshen Layi Yin amfani da grep
Alamar carat (') da dollar ($) ba ka damar bincika samfurori a farkon da ƙarshen layi.
Ka yi tunanin kana da fayilolin da ake kira kwallon kafa tare da sunayen yan wasa masu zuwa:
- Blackpool
- Liverpool
- Manchester City
- Leicester City
- Manchester United
- Newcastle United
- FC Manchester Of Manchester
Idan kuna son gano dukkanin teams da suka fara tare da Manchester za kuyi amfani da wannan adireshin:
'yan wasan Manchester
Dokar da ke sama zai dawo Manchester City da Manchester United amma ba FC United Of Manchester.
Hakanan zaka iya nemo duk ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙarewa tare da Ƙasar ta amfani da haɗin da ke biyowa:
grep United teams teams
Dokar da ke sama za ta dawo Manchester United da Newcastle United amma ba FC United Of Manchester ba.
04 of 09
Ƙidaya yawan yawan matakan Amfani da grep
Idan ba ka so ka dawo da ainihin lambobin da suka dace da juna ta hanyar amfani da grep amma kana so ka san yawancin da za a iya amfani da su tare da wannan adireshin:
grep -c pattern inputfile
Idan an daidaita alamar sau biyu sai a sake mayar da lamba 2.
05 na 09
Gano Dukan Maganar da Ba Su dace ba ta amfani da grep
Ka yi tunanin kana da jerin sunayen sunaye tare da ƙasashen da aka lissafa kamar haka:
- aberdeen scotland
- glandgow scotland
- masu haɗin kai
- colwyn bay
- london england
Kuna iya lura cewa kogin na colwyn ba shi da wata ƙasa ta hade da ita.
Don bincika dukkan wurare tare da ƙasa za ku iya amfani da haɗin da ake biyo baya:
grep ƙasar $ wurare
Sakamako ya dawo zai zama duk wurare sai dai don colwyn bay.
Wannan a bayyane yana aiki ne kawai ga wurare waɗanda suka ƙare a ƙasa (rashin kimiyya).
Zaka iya karkatar da zaɓu ta yin amfani da haɗin da ke biyowa:
grep -v ƙasar $ wurare
Wannan zai sami duk wuraren da ba su da iyaka da ƙasa.
06 na 09
Yadda Za a Samu Lines Maɗaukaki A Fayiloli Yin amfani da grep
Ka yi tunanin kana da fayilolin shigarwa wanda aikace-aikacen ɓangare na uku ke amfani da shi wanda ya dakatar da karanta fayil lokacin da ya sami layi mara kyau kamar haka:
- aberdeen scotland
- inverness scotland
- masu haɗin kai
- colwyn bay wales
Lokacin da aikace-aikacen ya shiga layin bayan haɗin kai zai dakatar da karanta ma'anar colwyn bay an rasa shi gaba daya.
Zaka iya amfani da grep don bincika layin layi tare da adireshin da ke biyowa:
grep ^ $ wurare
Abin takaici wannan ba shi da amfani sosai saboda kawai ya sake dawo da layi.
Kuna iya lissafin yawan lambobin layi don bincika idan fayil din yana aiki kamar haka:
grep -c ^ $ wurare
Zai zama mafi mahimmanci don sanin lambobin lambobin da ke da layi don ku iya maye gurbin su. Kuna iya yin haka tare da umurnin mai biyowa:
grep -n ^ $ wurare
07 na 09
Yadda za a bincika ƙwayoyin igiya ko ƙananan haruffa ta amfani da grep
Yin amfani da grep za ka iya ƙayyade wane layi a cikin fayil yana da babban haruffa ta amfani da wannan adireshin:
grep '[AZ]' filename
Shafukan shafukan [] bari ku ƙayyade kewayon haruffa. A cikin misali na sama ya dace da kowane hali wanda ke tsakanin A da Z.
Saboda haka don dace da haruffan ƙananan haruffan zaka iya amfani da haɗin da ke biyo baya:
grep '[az]' filename
Idan kana so ka daidaita kawai haruffa kuma ba lambobi ko wasu alamomin da za ka iya amfani da wannan adireshin:
grep '[a-zA-Z]' filename
Zaka iya yin haka tare da lambobi kamar haka:
grep '[0-9]' filename
08 na 09
Neman Abun Maimaitawa Ta Amfani da Grep
Kuna iya amfani da ƙuƙwalwar curly {} don bincika tsari na maimaitawa.
Ka yi tunanin kana da fayil tare da lambobin waya kamar haka:
- 055-1234
- 055-4567
- 555-1545
- 444-0167
- 444-0854
- 4549-2234
- x44-1234
Ka san kashi na farko na lambar yana buƙatar zama lambobi uku kuma kana so ka nemo layin da basu dace da wannan tsari ba.
Daga misali ta baya ka san cewa [0-9] ya dawo da lambobi a cikin fayil.
A wannan misali muna son layin da suka fara tare da lambobi uku biyo baya (-). Kuna iya yin haka tare da haɗin kai mai zuwa:
grep "[0-9] [0-9] [0-9] -" lambobi
Kamar yadda muka sani daga misalan da suka gabata, carat (^) yana nufin cewa layin dole ne ya fara tare da tsari na gaba.
[0-9] zai bincika kowane lamba tsakanin 0 da 9. Kamar yadda aka haɗa ta sau uku yana daidai da lambobi 3. A ƙarshe dai akwai murfin da zai nuna cewa dole ne mutum ya yi nasara da lambobi uku.
Ta yin amfani da madaurin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira za ka iya yin bincike karami kamar haka:
grep "^ [0-9] \ {3 \} -" lambobi
Slash ya tsere cikin {sintiri don haka yana aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na maganganun yau da kullum amma a ainihin abin da wannan ke faɗi shine [0-9] [3] wanda ke nufin kowane lamba tsakanin 0 da 9 sau uku.
Hakanan za'a iya amfani da madogarar shinge kamar haka:
{5,10}
{5,}
{5,10} na nufin cewa hali da ake nema dole ne a maimaita shi a akalla sau 5 amma ba fiye da 10 yayin da {5,} yana nufin cewa dole ne a maimaita hali a akalla sau 5 amma zai iya zama fiye da haka.
09 na 09
Yin amfani da kayan aiki daga wasu umarni Amfani da grep
Ya zuwa yanzu mun dubi alamu da aka daidaita a cikin fayilolin mutum amma grep zai iya amfani da fitarwa daga wasu umarnin a matsayin shigarwa don daidaitaccen matsala.
Kyakkyawan misalin wannan yana amfani da umarnin ps wanda ya lissafa tafiyar matakai.
Alal misali gudanar da umurnin mai biyowa:
ps -ef
Dukan tafiyar matakai a tsarinka za a nuna.
Zaka iya amfani da grep don bincika wani tsari na gudana kamar haka:
ps -ef | grep Firefox