traceroute - buga buƙatun hanyoyin zuwa shafin sadarwa
Synopsis
traceroute [ -dFInrvx ] [ -f first_ttl ] [ -g gateway ]
[ -i iface ] [ -m max_ttl] [ -p tashar ]
[ -q nqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -t tos ]
[ -w jiragen lokaci ] [ -z pausemsecs ]
Mai watsa shiri [ packetlen ]
Bayani
Intanit babban haɗari ne na kayan sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa, wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar ƙofar. Binciken hanyar hanyar kwance ta mutum (ko gano hanyar da ba daidai ba ce da ke watsar da saitunanka) na iya zama da wuya. Traceroute yayi amfani da ' yarjejeniyar IP ' don yin rayuwa 'filin kuma yayi ƙoƙarin gabatar da amsa ta TIME_EXCEEDED na ICMP daga kowane ƙofar da ke kan hanyar zuwa wani masauki.
Abinda yafi dacewa shi ne manufa mai masauki ko lambar IP . Tsararren bayanan bincike ne na tsawon 40, amma wannan zai iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar ƙayyade tsawon lokacin fakiti (a cikin bytes) bayan sunan mai masauki.
Wasu zaɓuɓɓuka sune:
-f
Sanya saitin farko da aka yi amfani dashi a cikin fakitin bincike na farko.
-F
Saita "kada ku rabu" bit.
-d
Gyara layi na matakin sutura.
-g
Saka hanyar ƙofar maɓallin hanya (8 matsakaicin).
-i
Saka cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa don samo adireshin IP na asusun neman buƙatun mai fita. Wannan yana da amfani ne kawai a mahaɗar mahaɗi. (Dubi alamu don wata hanya don yin haka.)
-I
Yi amfani da ICMP ECHO a maimakon UDP tsarin lambobi.
-m
Saita max-time-to-live (max yawan hops) da aka yi amfani da su a cikin buƙatun binciken masu fita. Labaran shi ne 30 hops (irin wannan tsoho da aka yi amfani da shi don haɗin TCP).
-n
Buga adireshin imel da yawa maimakon na alama da lambobi (adana adireshin adireshin adireshin mai suna don kowanne ƙofar da aka samo a hanya).
-p
Saita tushe UDP tashar mai amfani da bincike a cikin (tsoho shi ne 33434). Traceroute yana fatan cewa babu abin da ke sauraro a kan tashoshin sararin samaniya na UDP don kafa + shagali - 1 a masaukin makiyaya (saboda haka za a mayar da sako na ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE don ƙare hanyar tafiya). Idan wani abu yana sauraro akan tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin iyakar tarin, za a iya amfani da wannan zaɓin don ɗaukar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mara amfani.
-r
Yi wa keɓaɓɓun launi na al'ada da kuma aika kai tsaye zuwa ga mai watsa shiri a cibiyar sadarwa. Idan mai watsa shiri ba a kan cibiyar sadarwa ba, an sami kuskure. Za'a iya amfani da wannan zaɓin yin amfani da ping mai masauki ta gida ta hanyar dubawa wanda ba shi da wata hanya ta hanyar shi (misali, bayan da aka sauke ƙirar ta hanyar lalata (8C).
-s
Yi amfani da adireshin IP mai biyowa (wanda aka ba da shi a matsayin lambar IP, ba sunan mai masauki ba) a matsayin adireshin tushe a cikin buƙatun binciken masu fita. A kan masu amfani da na'ura masu yawa (waɗanda ke da adireshin IP fiye da ɗaya), za a iya amfani da wannan zaɓi don tilasta adireshin tushen zama wani abu banda adireshin IP ɗin na dubawa da aka aika da saiti bincike. Idan adireshin IP ba ɗaya daga cikin adireshin masu dubawa na na'ura ba, an dawo da kuskure kuma babu wani abu da aka aiko. (Dubi tutar wata hanyar da za ta yi haka.)
-t
Sanya irin-sabis ɗin a cikin saitunan bincike zuwa darajar (zera). Dole ne darajar ta kasance adadin ƙayyadadden adadi a cikin iyakar 0 zuwa 255. Za'a iya amfani da wannan zaɓin don ganin ko akwai sakamakon daban-daban iri-iri a hanyoyi daban-daban. (Idan ba ka gudu 4.4bsd, wannan zai iya zama ilimi tun lokacin da sabis na cibiyar sadarwa na al'ada kamar telnet da ftp basu bari ka sarrafa TOS ba). Ba duka dabi'u na TOS ba ne na doka ko ma'ana - duba IP dadi don ma'anar. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sune " -t 16 '(jinkirin jinkiri) da' -t 8 '(samfurin haɗuwa mai yawa).
-v
Verbose fitarwa. An sami jigun bayanan ICMP da aka samu fiye da TIME_EXCEEDED da UNREACHABLEs.
-w
Saita lokaci (a cikin seconds) don jira don amsawa zuwa bincike (tsoho 5 sec.).
-x
Yi amfani da tsauraran ip. Yawanci, wannan yana hana traceroute daga lissafta tsararrun ip. A wasu lokuta, tsarin aiki zai iya sake share ɓangarorin ɓangaren mai fita amma ba a sake rikodin ƙwaƙwalwar ba (don haka a wasu lokuta tsoho shi ne kada a ƙididdige kaya da yin amfani da -x sa a ƙayyade su). Yi la'akari da cewa ana amfani da ƙyaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ga ƙarshe lokacin amfani da binciken ICCH ECHO ( -I ). Don haka ana lissafta su kullum lokacin amfani da ICMP.
-z
Saita lokaci (a cikin milliseconds) don tsayawa tsakanin bincike (tsoho 0). Wasu tsarin kamar Solaris da kuma hanyoyin kamar Ciscos ƙayyadadden saƙonni. Kyakkyawan darajar amfani da wannan shine 500 (misali 1/2 na biyu).
Wannan shirin yana ƙoƙari ya gano hanya wani fakiti na IP zai bi wasu masaukin yanar gizo ta hanyar ƙaddamar da saitunan bincike na UDP tare da karamin ttl (lokaci zuwa rayuwa) sa'annan sauraron sauraron lokaci na ICMP ya karu "daga amsawa. Mun fara binciken mu tare da daya daga cikin guda kuma muka karu da daya har sai mun sami tashar ICMP "wanda ba a iya kaiwa ba" (wanda ke nufin muna zuwa "masauki") ko buga max (wanda ya saba wa 30 hops & za'a iya canza tare da -m flag). Binciken na uku (canji tare da -q flag) ana aikawa a kowane ttl saitin kuma an buga layi nuna ttl, adireshin bakin ƙofa da zagaye na tafiya lokaci na kowane bincike. Idan amsa tambayoyin ya fito ne daga hanyoyi daban-daban, za a buga adireshin kowane tsarin amsawa. Idan babu amsa a cikin 5 sec. lokaci-lokaci lokaci (canza tare da -w flag), an buga "*" don wannan binciken.
Ba mu so mai masaukin tafiyarwa ya aiwatar da matakan bincike na UDP don haka tashar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance mai daraja (idan wasu clod a kan manufa suna amfani da wannan darajar, za a iya canza shi tare da flag-flag).
Ana amfani da samfur da fitarwa:
[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net. traceroute to nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 hops max, 38 byte fakiti 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32. 216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 Ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn -nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms 8 129.140. 70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nic.merit.edu (35.1 .1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 msLura cewa Lines 2 & 3 su ne guda. Wannan shi ne saboda kernel kernel a kan 2nd hop tsarin - lbl-csam.arpa - cewa buƙatun tura tare da zero ttl (bug a cikin rarraba version of 4.3BSD). Yi la'akari da cewa dole ne ku gane yadda hanyar saitunan ke shiga ƙetare tun lokacin da NSFNet (129.140) ba ta samar da fassarar adireshin-da-sunan ga NSSs ba.
Wani misali mafi ban sha'awa shine:
[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. traceroute zuwa allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 30 hops max 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 Ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22 Msgstr. (Ƙwararru 72.32.168.22) 20 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms 8 129.140.70.13 ( 129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * * 15 * * * 16 * * * 17 * * * 18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26) .0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 msKa lura cewa ƙofofi 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17 sun tafi ko dai kada su aika ICMP "lokaci ya wuce" sakonni ko aika su tare da ttl ma kananan don isa gare mu. 14 - 17 suna gudana da lambar MIT C Cikin Ƙofar da ba ta aika "lokaci ya wuce" s. Allah kawai san abin da ke faruwa tare da 12.
Ƙofaffiyar shiru 12 a cikin sama na iya zama sakamakon wani kwaro a cikin 4. [23] BSD na cibiyar sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa (da kuma ƙayyadaddunsa): 4.x (x <= 3) aika sako marar kuskure ta yin amfani da duk abin da ttl ya kasance a asali datagram. Tun da, don ƙofar, sauran sauran ttl ba kome ba, lokacin "lokaci ya wuce" ICMP ba zai sake mayar mana da ita ba. Ayyukan wannan kwaro ne dan kadan mafi ban sha'awa lokacin da ya bayyana a tsarin tafiyarwa:
1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1 ) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 Ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 Csgw. Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * * 10 * * * 11 * * * 12 * * * 13 rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22) 59 ms! 39 ms! 39 ms!Ka lura cewa akwai "ƙofofin" 12 "(13 shine wurin karshe) kuma daidai rabin rabin su" ɓacewa ". Abin da ke faruwa shine cewa rip (Sun-3 mai suna Sun OS3.5) yana amfani da ttl daga zuwan datagram ɗinmu kamar yadda ttl ya amsa a cikin ICMP. Saboda haka, amsar za ta kasance a kan hanyar dawowa (ba tare da wata sanarwa da aka aika wa kowa ba tun lokacin da ICMP ba ta aika wa ICMP ba) har sai mun bincike tare da ttl wannan akalla sau biyu hanya. I, rip ne kawai 7 hops tafi. Amsar da ya dawo tare da ttl na 1 shine alamar wannan matsala ta wanzu. Traceroute kwafi wani "!" bayan lokaci idan ttl shine <= 1. Tun da masu sayar da kayayyaki suka yi yawa (DEC's Ultrix, Sun 3.x) ko kuma marasa daidaitattun (HPUX), suna sa ran ganin wannan matsala sau da yawa kuma / ko kula da ɗaukar manufa Mai watsa shiri na bincike.
Sauran wasu bayanan bayanan da suka faru bayan lokacin sune ! H ,! N , ko ! P (masauki, cibiyar sadarwar ko yarjejeniya marar amfani) ,! S (hanyar hanya ta ƙare) ,! F- (ƙaddamar da ake buƙata - hanyar MTC1191 Hanyar ganowa ta MTU), ! X (sadarwa da aka hana izinin) ,! V (Mai ba da izini na gaba) ,! C (ƙaddamar da cutarwa a sakamako), ko ! (Lambar ICMP wanda ba a iya samuwa). Wadannan an bayyana su ta RFC1812 (wanda ya rinjaya RFC1716). Idan kusan dukkanin bincike sun haifar da wani nau'i wanda ba'a iya iya ganowa, traceroute zai daina fita.
An tsara wannan shirin don amfani a gwaji, auna, da kuma gudanarwa. Ya kamata a yi amfani dashi da farko don warwarewa ta hanyar warwarewa. Saboda kaya zai iya sanyawa a kan hanyar sadarwar, yana da basira don amfani da traceroute a yayin aiki na al'ada ko daga rubutattun kayan aiki.
Duba kuma
trackchar (8), netstat (1), ping (8)