Haihuwar yanar gizo: Yaya Yarda Da Yanar Gizo Mai Girma?
Going online .... The Web .... samun a yanar-gizo .... wadannan su ne dukan sharuddan da muka saba da. Dukkanin al'ummomi yanzu sun girma tare da yanar gizo azaman yanayi a rayuwarmu, daga amfani da shi don neman bayani game da kowane batu da za ku iya tunanin, don samun hanyoyi ta hanyar GPS ta hanyar sa ido ga wayoyin mu, gano mutanen da muka rasa tabawa, har ma da sayayya a kan layi da kuma samun duk abin da muke so a ba mu a gaban ƙofar mu. Abin ban mamaki ne a sake duba baya bayan 'yan shekarun da suka wuce don ganin yadda muka zo, amma kamar yadda muke jin dadin yanar gizo kamar yadda muka sani yanzu, yana da mahimmanci mu tuna da fasaha da kuma dakarun da suka kai mu zuwa inda mu yau. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu dubi wannan tafiya mai ban mamaki.
Shafin yanar gizon, wanda aka kaddamar da shi kamar yadda aka yi amfani da yanar-gizon a shekarar 1989, bai kasance ba a wannan lokaci. Duk da haka, ya zama babban ɓangare na rayuwar mutane da yawa; ba su damar sadarwa, aiki, da kuma wasa a cikin mahallin duniya. Shafin yanar gizo yana da dangantaka game da dangantaka kuma ya sanya waɗannan dangantaka ta yiwu tsakanin mutane, kungiyoyi, da kuma al'ummomi inda ba za su kasance ba. Wannan yanar gizo ce ta gari ba tare da iyakoki, iyakoki, ko ma dokokin ba; kuma ya zama duniya ta ainihi.
Ɗaya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka fi nasara a duniya
Shafin yanar gizon shine babban gwaji, ka'idar duniya, wanda ke da ban mamaki sosai, yayi aiki sosai. Tarihinsa ya kwatanta hanyoyin da ci gaban fasaha da ƙwarewar zasu iya motsawa tare da hanyoyi da ba'a damu ba. Asali, yanar gizo da Intanit an halicce su don su kasance ɓangare na tsarin soja, kuma basu nufin amfani da masu zaman kansu ba. Duk da haka, kamar yadda a cikin gwaje-gwajen da dama, dabaru, da tsare-tsaren, wannan bai faru ba.
Sadarwa
Fiye da kowane ma'anar fasaha, yanar gizo hanya ce da mutane ke sadarwa. Intanit, wanda shine abinda shafin yanar gizon ya shimfiɗa, ya fara ne a shekarun 1950 a matsayin gwaji na Sashen Tsaro. Suna so su zo tare da wani abu da zai taimakawa sadaukar da kai tsakanin sassan soja. Duk da haka, da zarar wannan fasahar ya fita, babu tsayar da shi. Jami'o'i irin su Harvard da Berkeley sun kama gaskiyar wannan fasahar juyin juya hali kuma sunyi matukar muhimmanci ga su, kamar magance kwakwalwar kwamfyutan wanda kwakwalwa ta samo asali (wanda ba a sani ba a matsayin IP ).
Nan take samun dama ga mutane a fadin duniya
Fiye da kowane abu, yanar-gizon ta sa mutane su gane cewa yin magana kawai ta hanyar wasikar sakonni ba shi da tasiri (ba a ambaci yawan hankali ba) fiye da imel kyauta a yanar gizo. Ayyukan sadarwa na duniya suna tunani ne ga mutane lokacin da yanar gizo ke farawa. A yau, ba za mu yi tunanin kome ba don aikawa ga 'yan uwanmu a Jamus (da kuma samun amsa a cikin mintoci) ko ganin sabon bidiyon kiɗa . Intanit da yanar gizo sun canza hanyar yadda muke sadarwa; ba kawai tare da mutane ba, amma tare da duniya.
Akwai dokoki a yanar gizo?
Duk tsarin da ke aiki a yanar gizo tare, wasu fiye da wasu, amma yayin da akwai tsarin daban-daban a kan yanar gizo, babu wani daga cikinsu wanda yake jagorancin dokoki na musamman. Wannan tsarin, mai girma da ban mamaki kamar yadda ya kasance, ba shi da kulawa; wanda ya ba wasu masu amfani amfani mara kyau. Samun samun shi ba dole ba ne rarraba mulkin demokradiyya a ko'ina cikin duniya a manyan.
Shafin yanar gizo ya haɗa mutane a ko'ina cikin duniya, amma menene ya faru idan wasu masu goyon baya suna samun damar yin amfani da wannan fasaha kuma wasu basuyi? A halin yanzu, a duk faɗin duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 605 suna samun damar shiga yanar. Kodayake wannan fasahar ta haɗu da mutane da yawa kuma yana da damar haɗuwa da yawa, ba ƙari ba ne don magance duniya ta zama wuri mafi kyau. Canje-canje da ingantaccen zamantakewa, irin su samar da fasaha mafi sauki ga mutane, dole ne su faru kafin yanar gizo ta iya yin kowane irin ci gaba.
Ko kowa yana da damar shiga yanar?
Wani wanda ba tare da kwamfutar ba zai iya " google shi "; wani ba tare da samun damar yanar gizon ba zai iya sauke sababbin sautunan sauti don PDA; amma mafi yawa, wani ba tare da samun damar Intanet ba zai iya gasa a kasuwancin duniya na ra'ayoyin ko kasuwanci ba. Shafin yanar gizo shine fasahar juyin juya halin, amma ba kowa ba ne zai iya samun damar shiga. Yayinda yanar gizo ke ci gaba da girma, mutane da yawa suna samun damar yin amfani da wannan bayani. Yana da kowane ɗayan mu don koyi yadda za mu yi amfani da wannan iko kuma muyi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata a rayuwarmu kuma mu taimaki waɗanda ba su da damar yin amfani da shi domin su sami damar yin gasa a filin wasa mafi yawa.
Ta yaya aka fara Web? Tarihin Farko
A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, wani masanin kimiyya mai suna Tim Berners-Lee ya zo tare da ra'ayin zane-zane, bayanin da aka "hade" zuwa wani ɓangaren bayani.
Tunanin Sir Tim Berners-Lee ya fi sauƙi fiye da kowane abu; yana son masu bincike a CERN su iya sadarwa ta sauƙi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa guda ɗaya, maimakon wasu ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ba a haɗa su da juna ba a kowane irin hanyar duniya. Tunanin da aka haife shi ba tare da bukata ba.
A nan ne sanarwa na asali game da fasaha wanda ya canza duniya daga Tim Berners-Lee har zuwa alt. Ƙungiyar labaran rubutun kalmomi da ya zaɓa don farawa da shi a. A wannan lokacin, babu wanda ya san yadda hakan zai iya canzawa duniya muke rayuwa a:
"Wannan shirin na WorldWideWeb (WWW) yana nufin ƙyale haɗin da za a yi wa duk wani bayani a ko'ina. [...] An fara aikin WWW don bada izini ga masana kimiyya na makamashi don raba bayanai, labarai, da kuma takardun shaida. yanar gizo zuwa wasu yankuna da kuma samun sabobin ƙofa, Ƙungiyoyin Google, don wasu bayanai. - Madogararsa
Hyperlinks
Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayin Tim Berners-Lee ya hada da fasaha ta hypertext. Wannan fasaha ta hypertext ya hada da hyperlinks , wanda ya sa masu amfani su duba bayanai daga duk wani shafin sadarwa wanda aka danganta ta hanyar danna hanyar haɗi. Wadannan hanyoyi sun hada da ɗakin yanar gizo; ba tare da su ba, yanar gizo ba za ta wanzu ba.
Ta yaya yanar gizo ke girma sosai?
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da yanar gizo ke ci gaba da sauri kamar yadda aka yi shi shine rarraba fasaha a baya. Tim Berners-Lee yayi kokarin rinjayar CERN don samar da fasahar yanar gizon yanar gizo da kuma tsarin shirin kyauta kyauta don kowa ya iya amfani da shi, inganta shi, tsai da shi, ba shi da kyau - kuna kira shi.
A bayyane yake, wannan ra'ayi ya ɓace a babban hanya. Daga Cibiyoyin bincike masu tsarki na CERN, ra'ayin da aka yi wa hyperlinks ya fara zuwa wasu cibiyoyin a Turai, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Jami'ar Stanford, to, shafukan yanar gizo sun fara tasowa a duk faɗin wurin. Kamar yadda BBC ta rubuta tarihin Tarihi a Shekaru goma sha biyar na yanar gizo, ci gaban yanar gizo a shekara ta 1993 ya karu da 341,634% idan aka kwatanta da shekara ta baya.
Shin yanar gizo da yanar-gizon iri ɗaya ne?
Intanit da Wizard na Duniya (WWW) sune kalmomin da mafi yawan mutane suke nufi game da wannan abu. Duk da yake suna da alaƙa, ma'anar su sun bambanta.
Menene Intanit?
Intanit yana cikin mahimmancin asali na cibiyar sadarwar lantarki. Shi ne tsarin da aka kafa yanar gizo na duniya.
Mene ne shafin yanar gizon duniya?
Shafin yanar gizo na duniya shine ɓangare na Intanit "aka tsara don ƙyale sauƙi ta kewayawa ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙayyadadden masu amfani da maƙallan hoto da kuma haɗin hypertext tsakanin adireshin daban-daban" (tushen: Websters).
An kafa Wide Web Wide Web a shekarar 1989 da Tim Berners-Lee kuma ya ci gaba da canzawa da fadada hanzari. Shafin yanar gizo ne mai amfani na Intanit. Mutane suna amfani da yanar sadarwar don sadarwa da kuma samun dama ga bayanai don sha'anin kasuwanci da kuma wasanni.
Intanit da kuma aikin yanar gizon tare, amma ba daidai ba ne. Intanit yana samar da tsari mai mahimmanci, kuma yanar gizo tana amfani da wannan tsari don samar da abun ciki, takardu, multimedia, da dai sauransu.
Shin Al Gore ya halicci Intanet?
Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa mafi girma a cikin birane a cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce shine tsohon tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Al Gore na daga cikin sababbin yanar gizo kamar yadda muka sani a yau. Gaskiyar ba dole ba ne a yanke shi da kuma bushe kamar wannan; yana da yawa da ban sha'awa.
A nan ne ainihin kalmominsa: "A lokacin da nake hidima a Majalisa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, na dauki wannan shiri don samar da intanet." An fitar da shi daga cikin mahallin, lallai yana nuna cewa yana karɓar bashi don ƙirƙirar wani abu da baiyi ba; Duk da haka, ba daidai ba ne a lasafta cewa tare da sauran bayanansa (yawancin mayar da hankali ga ci gaban tattalin arziki) hakika yana da hankali. Idan kana so ka karanta abin da aka fada (tare da bayanan bayanan) a cikin 'ɗayansa, za ka so ka duba wannan hanya: Al Gore "ya kirkiro Intanet" - albarkatun .
Yana da ban sha'awa don tantancewa game da yadda abubuwa zasu zama daban-daban idan Berners-Lee da CERN sun yanke shawarar kada su kasance masu girman kai! Manufar bayani - kowane nau'i na bayanai - kasancewa da sauri daga ko'ina a duniya yana da ra'ayin da yafi damuwa ba don samun ci gaban kyakyawan kwayar cutar da yanar gizo ta samu ba tun lokacin da ta fara, kuma ba zai tsaya ba a kowane lokaci nan da nan.
Tarihi na farko: Tsarin lokaci
An gabatar da yanar gizo a duniya a ranar 6 ga Agustan 1991, wanda Sir Tim Berners-Lee ya gabatar . Ga wasu tarihin tarihin yanar gizon kamar yadda aka rubuta daga BBC.
- 1957: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta kafa wani karamin hukumar da ake kira ARPA (Advanced Research Services Agency) don bunkasa kimiyya da fasahar soja.
- 1961-1965: Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Massachusetts (MIT) ta fara nazarin raba bayanai a cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa. ARPA yana daya daga cikin manyan masu tallafawa.
- 1966: Shirye-shiryen shirin ARPANET na farko shine Larry Roberts na MIT. Fitilar sauya fasaha yana samun kasa, kuma kananan kafofin watsa labarun sun fara samuwa.
- 1969: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kaddamar da ARPAnet mai gudu don bincike na cibiyar sadarwa. Sashen farko na cibiyar yanar gizon sune UCLA, Cibiyar Nazarin Standford, UCSB, da Jami'ar Utah. Kullin farko don katange sako ya aika daga UCLA zuwa SRI.
- 1971: Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa sun shiga cibiyar sadarwa, suna kawo adadin su zuwa 15. Wadannan sababbin sun hada da Harvard da NASA.
- 1973: ARPAnet ta tafi duniya a yayin da Jami'ar Jami'ar London da Norwegian Royal Radar Establishment ta shiga.
- 1974: Harkokin sadarwa na sadarwa ya zama mafi sophisticated; Yanzu an watsa bayanai yanzu da sauri da kuma ingantaccen tare da zane na TCP (Shirin Sarrafa Maɗaukaki).
- 1976: An kafa Unix a AT da T; Sarauniya Elizabeth ta aika sako ta farko ta imel.
- 1979: USENET, mahaifiyar dukkanin kungiyoyin sadarwa, an ci gaba.
- 1982: Harkokin fasaha na Intanit da aka saba da su, wanda aka fi sani da TCP / IP (Kwamfuta na Sarrafa Bayanan da Intanet). Wannan yana haifar da daya daga cikin ma'anar farko na "intanet" kasancewa cibiyar sadarwa.
- 1984: Yawan rundunonin yanzu sun kai har zuwa 1000, tare da ƙarawa da yawa a kowace rana.
- 1985: Sunaye na farko da aka rajista shi ne Symbolics.com.
- 1987: Yawan runduna sun karya alamar 10,000.
- 1988: Tsohon wutsiyar Intanet wanda ke kan gaba yana rinjayar dubban 'yan bidiyo.
- 1991: Tim Berners-Lee ya taso da yanar gizo . Tim Berners-Lee ya gabatar da aikinsa ga duniya a kan rukunin labarai na hypertext. A cikin gidan, ya ce aikin "yana nufin ba da damar haɗi zuwa kowane bayani a ko'ina". Ya yi haka ta amfani da hypertext wata hanya don haɗawa tsakanin takardun daban-daban. Ko da yake an kirkiro shi shekaru da yawa a baya Mista Berners-Lee ya yi auren matsayi tare da intanet. Ya kuma samar da dukkan fayilolin da ake buƙata don mutane su sake yin amfani da shi.
- 1993: Tsarin duniya na Gidan yanar gizo na shekara-shekara yana yanzu yana da wahala 341,634%. Tim Berners-Lee yayi kokarin rinjayar CERN don samar da fasahar yanar gizon yanar gizo da kuma shirin shirin kyauta don kowa ya iya amfani da inganta shi. An yanke shawarar ne a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dalilai da shafin yanar gizo yayi girma da sauri. An fito da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi na HTML don ƙirƙirar shafukan intanet.
- 1994: ARPAnet ya yi bikin cika shekaru 25. Shahararren Jami'ar Stanford Jami'ar David Filo da Jerry Yang sun fara Yahoo . An kira shi da farko "Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web" wani shafin da ke nuna jagoran ɗakin yanar gizo na wasu shafuka. An sake baza sunan Yahoo ba da da ewa ba. Sunan na tsaye ga Duk da haka Wani Babban Ma'aikatar Hierarchical Officialcle. Wasu kamfanoni masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna cewa Yahoo ne mafi yawan wuraren da aka ziyarta a yanar gizo a yau. Shugaba Bill Clinton yana sanya whitehouse.gov a kan yanar gizo.
- 1995-1997: RealAudio ya gabatar da fasaha mai labarun Intanit, tsarin tsararraki (American Online, Compuserve), ci gaba da karfin intanet wanda aka kara ƙarfafa tare da ƙari na MCI, Microsoft da Netscape don WWW browser mai girma, kuma akwai yanzu fiye da Lambobin aikawasiku 70,000. Gidan sayar da littattafai na intanet wanda aka kafa a matsayin Crashra.com na Jeff Bezos a shekara ta 1994. Yana daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni masu yawa don sayar da kaya a yanar gizo. Kodayake ya fara ne a matsayin kantin sayar da littattafai a kan layi yanzu yana sayar da kiɗa, kayan lantarki, kayan aiki, har ma da abinci. An saki Microsoft ta Internet Explorer a matsayin ɓangare na Windows 95.
- 1998: Google ya buɗe ofishinsa na farko a cikin wani gaji a California. MySpace shi ne asusun ajiya na yanar gizo da kuma kamfanoni na raba fayil amma an rufe shi a shekara ta 2001. Cibiyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa a halin yanzu an kaddamar a watan Yulin 2003. An kafa 2003 da Tom Anderson, Chris DeWolfe, da ƙananan ƙungiyar masu shirye-shirye. MySpace yanzu yana da kusan mutane miliyan 100. Shafukan yana ba wa masu amfani damar gina shafi na gida na musamman, blogs, hotuna, kiɗa, da kuma tsarin saƙo. A shekara ta 2005, Rupert Murdoch, masanin watsa labaru, ya biya farashi 580m don shafin. MySpace ya tsara hanya don sauran shafukan yanar gizo, kamar Facebook , Twitter , da kuma Pinterest .
- 1998-2000: Gwargwadon dot-com kumfa ya karu tun 1997. Halin da ke kewaye da yanar gizo ya haifar da farashin farashi don raguwa. A cikin Janairun 2000 ya kai gabarta lokacin da Dow Jones Industrial Average aka rufe a matakin rikodin da ba a taɓa kai ba ko tun lokacin. Ranar 10 ga watan Maris ne NASDAQ Index Composite ta kai ga kowane lokaci. Ba da da ewa ba, kasuwanni sun fara faɗarwa kuma tare da yawancin kamfanonin da suka fara kafa bankin da aka kafa a bankin dot-com. Kusan kusan shafukan yanar gizo 20 a wannan lokaci.
- 2000-2014: "Malfunction na Wardrobe" Ya zama Mafi Girma Hoto Hotuna a Tarihin Yanar Gizo: Janairu 5, 2004. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo da Justin Timberlake a star star Superetl, Janet Jackson yana da "kayan aikin tufafin tufafi". Bayan abubuwan da suka faru, binciken injuna ya ba da rahoto a kan binciken da ake amfani da su kamar Janet Jackson da Super Bowl yayin da mutane ke neman siffofin abubuwan. Akwai yanar gizo 92615362 a kan layi.
- 2016-makomar: Bisa ga bayanan yanar gizo, bayan da ya kai shafukan yanar gizo biliyan daya a watan Satumba na shekarar 2014, NetCraft ya tabbatar da shi a cikin Tarihin Yanar Gizo na Oktoba 2014 da kuma Intanit Intanit ta farko da ya sanar (duba tweet daga mai kirkiro na Wurin yanar gizo na duniya, Tim Berners-Lee) yawan yanar gizo a duniya ya ki yarda, baya koma zuwa matakin da ke ƙasa da biliyan 1. Wannan shi ne saboda haɓaka kowane wata a cikin ƙididdigar shafukan yanar gizo. Muna kuma tsammanin, za mu wuce shafin yanar gizon biliyan 1 a wani lokaci a 2016/2017, kuma don tabbatar da ƙididdiga a sama da wannan tarihin tarihi a 2017/2018 ( bashi: InternetLiveStats.com).
Shafin yanar gizo ne na rayuwarmu na yau da kullum
Shin za ku iya tunanin rayuwarku ba tare da yin amfani da yanar gizo ba - ba imel, ba dama ga warwarewar labarai, ba har zuwa jimlar yanayi ba, ba hanyar sayarwa a kan layi ba, da dai sauransu? Watakila ba za ku iya ba. Mun ci gaba da dogara ga wannan fasahar - ya canza hanyar da muke gudanar da rayuwarmu. Ka yi kokarin tafiya a rana ɗaya ba tare da yin amfani da yanar-gizon a wasu hanyoyi ba-za ka yi mamakin yadda kake dogara da shi.
Koyaushe yadawa da girma
Shafin yanar gizo ba za a iya sa ido a hankali ba, ba za ku iya nunawa a cikinta ba kuma ku ce "akwai shi!" Yanar gizo yana ci gaba da gudana. Bai taba tsayar da kansa ba ko ci gaba tun daga ranar da ta fara, kuma tabbas zai ci gaba da cigaba yayin da mutane ke kewaye da su ci gaba da bunkasa. Ya ƙunshi dangantaka ta sirri, hulɗar kasuwanci, da ƙungiyoyi na duniya. Idan yanar gizo ba su da wannan dangantaka tsakanin interpersonal, ba zai wanzu ba.
Girman yanar gizo
Ci gaban yanar gizon ya zama fashewar, ya ce a kalla. Akwai mutane da yawa a kan layi fiye da kowane wuri a tarihin, kuma mutane da yawa suna amfani da yanar gizo don siyayya fiye da kowane lokaci a tarihin. Wannan ci gaban ba ya nuna alamar jinkirin sauka yayin da yawancin mutane suka iya samun damar yin amfani da albarkatu marar iyaka ga yanar gizo.