Takaddun Samfurori
Bayani
Anyi amfani da fasahar zamani don godiya ga wani nau'i na kayan da ake kira semiconductors. Dukkan kayan aiki, hanyoyin sadarwa, microchips, transistors, da kuma na'urori masu yawa sun gina su tare da kayan kayan aiki. Duk da yake silicon shine mafi yawan amfani da kayan da aka fi sani da kayan aiki na zamani wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan lantarki, ana amfani da kewayon masu amfani da semiconductors ciki har da Germanium, Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, da kuma masu binciken kwayoyin halitta. Kowane abu yana kawo wasu abũbuwan amfãni a kan tebur irin su farashin / farashi, aiki mai zurfi, ƙananan zafin jiki, ko amsa da ake so zuwa sigina.
Semiconductors
Abin da ke sa masu amfani da semiconductors don amfani sosai shine ikon sarrafa iko da halayen kayan lantarki a daidai lokacin sarrafawa. Kayan amfanin gona sun sarrafa su ta hanyar ƙara ƙananan ƙarancin tsabta a cikin semiconductor ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira doping, tare da tsaftace-tsabta da ƙananan da ke haifar da sakamakon daban-daban. Ta hanyar sarrafawa da ƙuƙwalwa, hanyar hanyar lantarki ta motsawa ta hanyar haɗin kai zai iya sarrafawa.
A cikin mai gudanarwa, kamar jan ƙarfe, masu zafin lantarki suna ɗaukar yanzu kuma suna aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar cajin. A cikin semiconductors biyu electrons da 'ramukan,' babu radiyo, aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar cajin. Ta hanyar sarrafawa na doping na semiconductor, da hawan kaiwa, da mai ɗaukar cajin za a iya tsara su don yin amfani da wutar lantarki ko rami.
Akwai nau'i biyu na doping, N-type, da kuma P-type. N-type dopants, yawanci phosphorus ko arsenic, suna da biyar electrons, wanda a lokacin da kara da cewa zuwa semiconductor samar da wani karin kyautar lantarki. Tun da masu zaɓin lantarki suna da cajin ƙeta, wani abu da aka kaddara wannan hanya ana kira N-type. P-type dopants, irin su boron da gallium, kawai suna da uku electrons wanda zai haifar da ba tare da wani lantarki a cikin semiconductor crystal, yadda ya kamata samar da wani rami ko garanti mai kyau, saboda haka sunan P-type. Duk nau'ikan N-iri da nau'in P-kodaya, ko da a cikin minti kadan, zasu sa jagorancin halayen mai kyau. Duk da haka, N-type da P-type semiconductors ba na musamman da kansu, zama kawai mai kyau conductors. Duk da haka, idan ka sanya su a cikin hulɗa da juna, yin jigilar PN, zaku samu wasu nau'o'in daban da kuma amfani sosai.
PN Junction Diode
Hanya na PN, ba kamar kowane abu ba, ba yayi kama da jagorar ba. Maimakon barin halin yanzu yana gudana a kowace hanya, hanyar haɗin PN kawai tana ba da damar gudana a halin yanzu, ta hanyar samar da wata bidiyon. Yin amfani da ƙarfin lantarki a fadin jigilar PN a cikin jagorancin gaba (karkatar da hankali) yana taimaka wa masu amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin yankin N-haɗe tare da ramuka a cikin yankin P-type. Ƙoƙarin sake juyewar gudana daga yanzu (juya baya) ta hanyar ƙarfin wutar lantarki da keɓaɓɓun maɓuɓɓuka da ƙananan raguwa wanda ya hana halin yanzu daga tafiya a cikin tsayi. Hada hada-hada na PN a wasu hanyoyi ya buɗe ƙofar zuwa wasu kayan aiki na zamani, irin su transistor.
Mawallafi
Ana yin fassarar mahimmanci daga haɗuwa da jigon nau'o'in nau'o'in N-nau'in da P da maimakon abubuwa biyu da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wani bidiyo. Hada waɗannan kayan ya haifar da transistors na NPN da PNP wanda aka sani da transistors na jeri ko BJTs. Cibiyar, ko tushe, yankin BJT yana ba da damar transistor yayi aiki a matsayin mai canzawa ko ƙaramar.
Duk da yake transistors na NPN da PNP na iya kama da diodes biyu da aka mayar da baya, wanda zai hana duk abin da ke gudana daga gudana a cikin kowace hanya. Lokacin da cibiyar tsakiya ke ci gaba da daɗaɗɗa saboda ƙananan halin yanzu yana gudana ta tsakiyar Layer, dukiyawan da aka sanya ta diode tare da cibiyar canzawar layi don ba da damar haɓakar da ya fi girma a duk fadin na'urar. Wannan hali yana ba da transistor damar ƙarfafa ƙananan igiyoyi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin canjin juyar da maɓallin na yanzu akan ko kashe.
Za'a iya yin amfani da nau'i-nau'i na transistors da sauran na'urorin semiconductor ta haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyi na PN a hanyoyi masu yawa, daga ci gaba, masu aiki na musamman don zuwa diodes masu sarrafawa. Wadannan su ne kawai wasu daga cikin kayan da aka haƙa daga haɗuwa da haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyi na PN.
- DIAC
- Laser Laser
- Hasken haske mai haske (LED)
- Zener diode
- Transistor Darlington
- Transistor tasirin filin, ciki har da MOSFETs
- Transistor IGBT
- Silicon sarrafawa mai gyarawa (SCR)
- Hanyar haɗaka (ICs)
- Microprocessor
- Digital Memory - RAM da ROM
Sensors
Bugu da ƙari ga sarrafawar yanzu wanda masu haɗin kai suka ba da izini, suna da kaddarorin da ke samar da ma'ana masu tasiri. Za a iya sanya su damu da canje-canje a yanayin zafi, matsa lamba, da haske. Canje-canje a juriya ita ce hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta hanyar mayar da martani game da na'urar haɗi. Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da aka samar da kayan haɓaka na semiconductor an jera su a ƙasa.
- Hakanan firikwensin Hall (magidancin firikwensin filin lantarki)
- Thermistor (resistive zafin jiki na firikwensin)
- CCD / CMOS (hoton hoto)
- Photodiode (firikwensin haske)
- Photoresistor (hasken haske)
- Piezoresistive (matsa lamba / iri na'urori masu auna sigina)