Maza Bayan Bayanan Kasuwanci
Akwai dubban masu fasaha masu ban mamaki da ke aiki a masana'antar masana'antu ta yau, kuma suna da babbar tasiri wajen tsara wasanni da muke wasa da fina-finai da muke kallo a cikin ayyukan fasaha da suke. Amma a bayan kowane babban mai zane-zane na dijital shi ne masanin kimiyya wanda ya taimaka wajen yin aikin su.
A wasu lokuta, masana kimiyya sun kasance masu fasaha kansu, a wasu lokuta sun fito ne daga labarun da ba a danganta su ba. Abu daya da kowane mutum a kan wannan jerin yana da ita shi ne cewa suna tura kayan kwamfuta gaba a wasu hanyoyi. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kafa tarihi a shekaru da yawa da suka gabata lokacin da masana'antu ke cikin jariri. Sauran sun tsabtace dabarun, gano sababbin maganin matsalolin matsaloli.
Su duka dattawa ne:
01 na 10
Ed Catmull
Taswirar rubutun kalmomi, Tsai-maƙalai, Ƙaddara Sassan, Z-Buffering
Saboda matsayin girmamawa a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa cibiyar Pixar Animation Studios, Ed Catmull mai yiwuwa shine masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta a cikin wannan jerin. Duk wanda ya shafe duk lokacin da ya biyo baya ko karantawa game da masana'antun Kwallon Kayan Kwallon Kasa ya kusan sauke sunansa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu, har ma magoya bayansa ba tare da jin dadi ba a CG na iya ganin shi ya karbi kyautar Kwalejin don nasarar fasaha a 2009.
Baya ga Pixar, babbar kyautar Catmull a filin wasa ta haɗa da ƙaddamar da taswirar rubutu (ƙoƙarin tunanin masana'antu ba tare da taswirar rubutun kalmomi ba), ci gaba da algorithms masu mahimmanci, gyaran gyare-gyare na gyare-gyare, da kuma aikin aikin farko na Z -buffering (zurfin gudanarwa).
Ed Catmull ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na farko don fara farawa don masana'antar masana'antu ta zamani , kuma gudunmawarsa a fagen suna fama da damuwa. Ya kasance a matsayin shugaban na Pixar da Walt Disney Animation Studios.
02 na 10
Jim Blinn
Blinn-Phong Shader Model, Bump Mapping
Blinn ya fara aikinsa a NASA, inda ya yi aiki a kan nuni ga tawagar Voyager, duk da haka gudunmawarsa ga kayan kwamfuta ya zo a 1978 lokacin da ya canza hanyar hanyar haske tare da sassa 3D a cikin tsarin software. Ba wai kawai ya rubuta rubutun Blinn-Phong shader ba, wanda ya gabatar da hanyar yin amfani da lissafi a kan tsari na 3D , kamar yadda ya saba da sabon tsarin zane-zane.
03 na 10
Loren Carpenter & Robert Cook
Reyes Rendering
Abokanmu na farko, a jerin, Masassaƙa da Cook basu da bambanci saboda sun wallafa ayyukansu masu ɓoyewa a matsayin marubuta (Ed Catmull kuma ya ba da gudummawar ga bincike). Abubuwan biyu sunyi aiki wajen bunkasa haɗin gine-ginen photorealistic Reyes , wanda shine tushen tushen Pixar na kyautar software na PhotoRealistic RenderMan (PRMan don takaice).
Reyes, wanda yake tsaye ne ga Renders Duk abin da Kuna gani, har yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin saitunan studio, mafi mahimmanci a Pixar, amma kuma a matsayin mai ɓoye na Reyes spinoffs da ake kira Renderman-compliant renderers. Don ƙananan hotuna da masu zane-zanen mutum, Reyes yafi yawan maye gurbinsa ta hanyar yin amfani da scan / raytracing kamar Mental Ray da VRay.
04 na 10
Ken Perlin
Perlin Noise, Hypertexture, Gidajen Yanayin Abubuwa, Aikace-aikacen Bayanai na Stylus
Perlin shi ne daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antun da ke da nasarorin da suka samu. Perlin Noise ƙari ne mai matukar mahimmanci (kamar yadda, cikin sauri, mai sauƙi, babu rubutun kalmomin da ake buƙata) wanda ya zo daidai a kusan kowane software na software na 3D . Hypertexture-ikon iya duba canje-canje zuwa laushi na samfurin a ainihin lokaci-yana daya daga cikin babban lokacin ajiye kayan fasaha a kayan aikin fasaha. Ina tsammanin halin halayen lokaci na ainihi yana iya magana akan kansa. Fayil na Ingantaccen Rubutun Stylus - gwada ƙoƙarin raba na'urar daukar hoto daga ɗayan kwamfutar hannu na Wacom.
Duk waɗannan abubuwa ne da mai yin amfani da dijital ya yi amfani da shi a kowace rana wanda ya yi sana'a. Zai yiwu babu wani ci gaba da Perlin ya samu kamar yadda ya ce, ƙaddamar da taswirar rubutu, amma suna da mahimmanci.
05 na 10
Pat Hanrahan da Henrik Wann Jensen
Ƙaddamarwa ta Ƙari, Hoton Hotunan Photon
Yayi ganin Pixar's Tin Toy, ko wani ƙoƙari na farko da aka yi na hotunan mutum? Wani abu ya kalli, dama? Wannan kuwa saboda fata mutum ba shi da kullun-yana zahiri yana watsawa, watsa, ko kuma yana ɗaukar babban ɓangaren hasken da ya kama shi, yana ba da fata mu mai zurfi ja ko ruwan hoda inda tasoshin jini ke kusa da farfajiya. Sautunan farko da aka fara yin amfani da su ba su iya yin amfani da wannan tasiri sosai, don haifar da halayyar 'yan adam su mutu ko zombie-like.
Siffar Sashin Sanya (SSS) wata fasaha ce wadda ta sanya fata a cikin layi, tare da kowane lakabin da yake watsa wani nau'i na yanayi mai zurfi bisa taswirar zurfin-wannan shi ne mafi girma ga Jensen & Hanrahan a filin, kuma yana da kayan aiki a cikin hanyar da aka fassara wa mutane. a yau.
Hakanan Jensen ne kawai ya rubuta hoton algorithm na photon, kuma yayi haka tare da hasken da ke wucewa ta hanyar kayan aiki na translucent. Musamman, taswirar photon yana amfani da fasahar hasken duniya guda biyu da aka fi amfani da ita don daidaita yanayin haske ta hanyar gilashi, ruwa, ko tururi.
Wadannan su ne kyaututtuka ta Awarded Academy a matsayin nasarar fasaha don aikin da suke yi a kan yaduwar kasuwa.
06 na 10
Arthur Appel & Turner Whitted
Rayuwa da Rayayyun Algorithms
Kodayake munanan raguwa guda biyu, muna ƙididdigar rayuka (Kira 1968) kuma daga baya raytracing (Whitted 1979) a matsayin guda ɗaya saboda Turner Whitted yana ginawa da kuma daidaita aikin da Appel ya yi shekaru da yawa kafin.
Tare, ɗayan nau'i na biyu shine tushen tushen fasaha na zamani, kuma sun yi amfani da su don yin amfani da su don yin amfani da halayen haske kamar yadda launin launi, ingancin falloff, raguwa, tunani, da zurfin filin. Kodayake zane-zane suna da cikakke daidai, halayen mafi girma ya kasance (kuma har yanzu ya kasance) da sauri da kuma ingancin su. Duk da haka tare da manyan kamfanoni CPUs na yau da kuma kayan haɗin gwiwar da aka tsara, wannan ya zama ƙasa da batun.
07 na 10
Paul Debevec
Saukar Hotunan Hotuna da Daidaitawa, HDRI
Saboda nasararsa, Paul Debevec ne ke da alhakin dubban dubban dubai marasa lafiya da aka ba da shawara ga "mota na yau da kullum wanda ke zaune a cikin ɗakin komai maras kyau amma har yanzu yana nuna cikakken yanayi" hotuna. Amma kuma yana da alhakin sauƙaƙe aikin aiki na daruruwan muhalli, masana'antu, da kuma masana'antu na zane-zane.
Zane-zanen hoton hoto yana sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da hoton HDRI (siffar hoto 360 na yanayi) don samar da tashoshin haske don yanayin 3D. Samar da taswirar haske daga ainihin duniyar duniyar na nufin cewa masu fasaha basu buƙatar ciyar da sa'o'i masu sanya fitilu da akwatinan haske a cikin wani bidiyon 3D don samun ladabi.
Ayyukansa a kan samfurin hoton da aka ba da damar yin amfani da samfurin 3D daga tarin hotunan har yanzu-waɗannan dabarun da aka fara amfani da shi a kan Matrix, an kuma aiwatar da su a cikin fina-finai da dama tun daga nan.
08 na 10
Krishnamurthy & Levoy
Taswirar al'ada
Inda za a fara da waɗannan biyu. Ayyukansu zasu iya kasancewa guda ɗaya, amma yaro ya zama babban abu. Taswirar al'ada, an gina shi a kan ra'ayin cewa yana yiwuwa ya dace da nauyin jigilar bayanai (tare da miliyoyin polygons) zuwa ƙuƙwalwar ƙananan ƙananan haɗin ginin bisa tsarin al'ada.
Wannan bazai yi maimaitawa ba idan kana fitowa daga tasiri mai zurfi inda ba'a san shi ba don keɓe har zuwa 80 CPU na sa lokaci zuwa zane guda na fim. Sai dai kawai ka samu ɗaki mai cike da kwakwalwa da mawuyacin ƙarfi, za ka ce.
Amma yaya game da masana'antun wasan kwaikwayon inda ake buƙatar sanya sassan jiki sau 60 a kowane lokaci? Rashin damar "gasa" cikakken yanayin wasanni tare da miliyoyin polygons a cikin raga-gizon lokaci na ainihi ba komai ba ne kawai da yasa wasannin yau suna da kyau sosai. Gears of War ba tare da taswirar al'ada ba? Ba wata dama ba.
09 na 10
Ofer Alon & Jack Rimokh
Furofikan jigidar, kafa ZBrush
Kusan kimanin shekaru goma da suka shude, wadannan mutane sun rushe masana'antu a lokacin da suka kafa Pixologic kuma sun gabatar da samfurin juyin halitta, ZBrush. Sun yi auren juna ne a lokacin zamani na zane-zane, kuma tare da shi ya zo da daruruwan abubuwan da ke da cikakkun bayanai, wadanda ba a san su ba, waɗanda ba a taɓa ganin su ba.
An yi amfani dashi tare da taswirar al'ada, ZBrush (da kuma irin wannan software kamar Mudbox wanda aka gina a kan waɗannan batutuwa) ya canza yanayin masu biyan hanya. Maimakon yin aiki a kan layi da zane-zane , yanzu yana yiwuwa a zana samfurin 3D kamar yadda yake da wani yumbu mai laushi wanda ba tare da buƙatar sanya jigon maganin polygons ba.
A madadin masu sauti a ko'ina, na gode Pixologic. Na gode.
10 na 10
William Reeves
Motion Blur algorithm
Reeves yana daya daga cikin mutanen da suka sawa kawai game da kowane hat da za ku iya tunanin a cikin masana'antar sarrafa kwamfuta. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasahar wasan kwaikwayon na John Lasseter na Luxo Jr. na ɗan gajeren lokaci (haihuwar fitilar Pixar) kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fina-finai goma sha daya. Ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin matsayi na fasaha, amma yana ba da basira a wasu lokuta a matsayin mai nuna hoto, har ma da sau ɗaya a matsayin mai sauti.
Babban nasarar da ya samu na fasaha, da kuma ainihin dalili da ya ke a kan wannan jerin, shine don bunkasa algorithm na farko don samun nasara wajen tafiyar da motsi a cikin motsawar kwamfuta.
Koyi game da rubutun 3D.