An fahimci cewa akwai haruffa akan yadda za mu iya amfani da nau'o'in nau'ikan fayilolin dijital. Alal misali, mafi yawan mutane ba sa tsammanin cewa sun kamata su iya kwafin fim ɗin daga DVD ko Blu-ray sannan su adana fim ɗin zuwa Intanit don kyauta.
Abin da mutane ba su sani ba, duk da haka, ita ce yadda aka hana irin wannan amfani mara izini. Akwai fasaha daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su don yin wannan, amma dukansu sun fada cikin sashe na Kamfanin Digital Rights, wanda aka fi sani da DRM.
An bayyana Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare na Digital Rights
Gudanar da Hakkin Nishaɗi wani fasaha ne wanda ke haifar da wasu sharuɗɗa game da yadda za a yi amfani da fayilolin mai jarida na dijital kamar fayilolin, fina-finai, da littattafai-da kuma raba su.
Bayanan da aka tsara na Kamfanin Tsaro na Digital Rights da aka haɗe zuwa wani abu ne wanda mai mallakar maƙallan dijital ya tsara ta (alal misali, kamfanin yin rikodin ya ƙayyade DRM a haɗe da waƙar da yake sanya samfurin lantarki). DRM an sanya shi cikin fayil a cikin ƙoƙari don ba shi yiwuwa a cire. DRM tana mulki yadda yadda fayil ke nunawa kuma za'a iya amfani dasu, a kan kwakwalwa na masu amfani da ƙarshen.
Ana amfani dashi DRM akai don hana abubuwa kamar rabawa na MP3s a kan cibiyoyin sadarwa na fataucin ko don tabbatar da cewa mutane saya waƙoƙin da suka sauke daga Intanet.
Gudanar da haƙƙin Nishaji ba ya samuwa a duk fayiloli na dijital. Kullum magana, ana amfani dashi ne kawai cikin abubuwa da aka saya daga shafukan yanar gizo na intanet ko masu samar da software. Ba a yi amfani dasu ba a cikin wuraren da mai amfani ya ƙirƙiri fayil na dijital, kamar raƙan kiɗa daga CD . Fayil ɗin da aka kunna a jere a cikin wannan misali bazai ɗaukar DRM a cikinsu ba.
Amfani da DRM tare da iPod, iPhone, da iTunes
Lokacin da Apple ya gabatar da iTunes Store don sayar da kiɗa don amfani da iPod (kuma daga bisani iPhone), duk fayilolin kiɗa da aka sayar a ciki sun haɗa DRM. Tsarin Gudanar da Tsare-tsare na Digital Rights da iTunes ya sanya masu amfani su shigar da kuma kunna waƙoƙin da aka saya daga iTunes a kan kwakwalwa 5-tsarin da ake kira izini . Shigar da kuma kunna waƙa akan wasu kwakwalwa ba (yiwuwar) ba zai yiwu ba.
Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da DRM mafi ƙwarewa, kamar yin sauke waƙoƙin kiɗa kawai yayin da abokin ciniki ke biyan sabis ɗin kiɗa, ɓarna fayil ɗin kuma sa shi maras kyau idan sun soke biyan kuɗi. Wannan hanya ta amfani da Spotify, Apple Music, da kuma irin wannan sabis .
Wataƙila mai yiwuwa, Kamfanin Tsare-tsare na Digital bai saba da masu amfani ba, kuma kamfanonin watsa labaru da wasu masu fasaha suna tallafawa kawai. Masu bayar da hakki na masu amfani sun caji cewa masu amfani su yi amfani da kayan da suke saya ko da sun kasance dijital kuma DRM ta hana wannan.
Duk da yake Apple ya yi amfani da DRM shekaru da yawa a iTunes, a Janairu 2008, kamfanin ya cire DRM daga duk waƙoƙin da aka sayar a kantin sayar da. An sake amfani da DRM don karewa-kare kundin da aka saya a iTunes Store, amma wasu nau'i na har yanzu suna a cikin fayilolin da za a iya sauke ko saya a kan iTunes:
- Litattafan littattafai
- iBooks
- Video
- Ayyuka
GABATARWA: Me yasa wasu fayilolin "An sayo" da sauransu "An kare"?
Ta yaya DRM ke aiki
Dabbobi daban-daban na DRM suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, amma a kullum suna magana, DRM tana aiki ta hanyar yin amfani da sharuddan amfani a cikin fayil sannan kuma samar da hanya don duba cewa ana amfani da wannan abu bisa ga waɗannan ka'idodin.
Don yin wannan sauƙin fahimtar, bari mu yi amfani da misalin magungunan dijital. Fayil ɗin mai jiwuwa yana iya samun DRM a ciki wanda ya ba shi izinin amfani dashi kawai daga wanda ya saya shi. Lokacin da aka saya wannan waƙa, asusun mai amfani na mutumin zai haɗa shi da fayil din. Bayan haka, idan mai amfani yayi ƙoƙarin yin waƙa, za'a aika da buƙatar zuwa uwar garken DRM don bincika ko wannan asusun mai amfani yana da izinin kunna waƙa. Idan haka ne, waƙar za ta yi wasa. Idan ba haka ba, mai amfani zai karɓi saƙon kuskure.
Wata mahimman bayani game da wannan hanya ita ce idan sabis ɗin da ke kula da izinin DRM ba ya aiki don wasu dalili. A wannan yanayin, ana sayen abun ciki na haƙƙin mallaka bazai samuwa.
Kuskuren Gudanar da Hakkin Nishaji
DRM yana, a wasu yankuna, fasaha mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda wasu mutane ke jayayya cewa yana dauke da hakkoki da masu amfani suke cikin duniya. Ma'aikatan kafofin watsa labaru da suka yi amfani da DRM suna jaddada wajibi ne a tabbatar da an biya su ga dukiyoyinsu.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ko kuma na kafofin watsa labaru na zamani, DRM na kowa ne da kuma shahararren kamfanonin watsa labaru - musamman ma bayan rikicewar rikice-rikice na ayyuka kamar Napster . Wasu masu amfani da fasaha na fasaha sun gano hanyoyin da za su kayar da nau'ikan DRM da kuma raba fayilolin dijital. Rashin nasarar tsarin DRM da yawa daga matsalolin masu amfani sun jagoranci kamfanonin watsa labaru don canja tsarin su zuwa lambobin dijital.
Bisa ga wannan rubutun, ayyuka na biyan kuɗi kamar Apple Music wanda ke bada musayar mara iyaka idan dai kuna ci gaba da biyan kuɗin kuɗin kowane wata yafi kowa fiye da gudanar da haƙƙin dijital.