01 na 05
Sanin Kimiyya Me yasa Sau da yawa Mutane Saukewa Game da Muryar kunne
Daga dukkan nau'o'in mabuɗan kayan aiki na kayan aiki Na jarraba, babu wanda ya kasance kamar damuwa kamar kunne. A cikin gwaje-gwaje da dama na gwaje-gwajen na Sound & Vision , da waɗanda na shiga yanzu ga Wirecutter, akwai sau da yawa manyan bambance-bambance a hanyoyin da masu sauraro suke ganewa da bayyana sautin murya. Muna ganin karin bambance-bambance idan muka karanta mai karatu. Ko da bayan mun fitar da kayan daji, to lallai wasu mutane suna jin abubuwa sau da yawa.
02 na 05
Babu 'yan kunne guda biyu daidai
Dalilin # 1: Kunna Kunna Vary Radically.
Yakubu Soendergaard, injiniyar tallace-tallace na GRAS Sound da Vibration (Kamfanin da ke sa na sautin murya) ya gaya mini game da wannan abu, kuma ya kasance mai kyau don ya shiryar da ni ga wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ya bayyana fassarar kayan kunne / kullun simulators da masu amfani da mahimmanci da magunguna da muke amfani da su a yau.
Kamar yadda SC Dalsgaard na Jami'ar Odense, daya daga cikin masana kimiyya da ke cikin shirin da aka gani a sama, da hikima da kuma rashin hankali sun sanya shi, "An gina mutum a cikin cikakken haƙuri."
Soendergaard ya ba da labari: "Kowane bambance-bambance a cikin jigilar yanayi (siffar kunne, adadin launi da raguwa a cikin canal, fasalin fasalin canal, wuri na ƙwanƙwasa biyu, girman membrane tympanic [eardrum], da dai sauransu) zai shafi tasirin ji - - musamman a ƙananan maɗaukaki tare da raƙuman hanyoyi. "
Kuna iya ganin wannan a cikin shafuka da ke sama, wanda shine wani ɓataccen ɓangare na wani ginshiƙi wanda ya bayyana a cikin PDF na hade zuwa. Wannan ginshiƙi ya kwatanta ma'aunin da aka ɗauka a cikin kunnuwan kunnen nau'i na gwaji 11 tare da amsawar ma'aurata da aka tsara don auna matakan ji. Ga kowane gwajin gwaji, za ku iya ganin amsawar ma'aurata (layi mai tsabta), ƙayyadadden matsakaicin batutuwan gwaji 11 (da'irar) da kuma kewayon martani (abu mai kama da mai, a gefen H).
Kamar yadda kake gani, mayar da martani a cikin kunnuwan kunne bai bambanta da ƙasa ba 1 kHz, amma a sama da 2 kHz bambance-bambance ya zama babban, kuma ta 10 kHz sun yi girma, game da +/- 4 dB. Don sanya wannan a cikin hangen zaman gaba, bambancin amsawa na +/- 2 dB - ce, rage bass ta -2 dB da ƙarfafa tarkon da +2 dB - ya isa ya yi babban canji a cikin ma'auni na tonal.
Soendergaard kuma ina magana game da ma'auni a cikin wannan yanayin, amma zancenmu ya danganci sauraron saurare, kuma, saboda na'urarka ta dace da na'urarka ta aunawa, tana zaune a cikin matakan jirgin sama guda kamar microphone a cikin na'urar simintin kunne. Kamar yadda Soendergaard ya ce, yana nufin halayen tsakanin 10 zuwa 20 kHz (mafi girma na sauraren mutum), "Idan na'urarka ta aunawa ta hanyar millimeter tsakanin kowane dacewa, za ku ga sakamakon da yafi girma a kan mutumin nan."
Saboda haka, bambance-bambance a kunnuwan kunne - da kuma bambance-bambance maras dacewa ta yadda masu kunnuwa kunne, da mabanin kunne, ke dubawa tare da siffofi daban-daban na kunnuwa da kunnuwa - zai iya sa murun kunne suyi bambanta da siffofi daban-daban a high frequencies. Kawai bambancin 1mm a cikin fitarwa zai iya yin murya da muryar sauti mai haske ko ma dull.
Na ga wannan tsari a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka wuce, lokacin da marubucin marubuci (wanda zai kasance marar sani) ya gaya mini cewa yana son wani sauti na kunne. Wannan wata murya ce da yawancin masu sauraro suka amince sunyi dadi sosai, kuma matakan da na nuna suna da babbar murya fiye da 3 kHz. Na yi haɗin gwiwa tare da wannan marubucin a baya, kuma yayin da mu da ni kullum sun yarda da yadda muke nazari na masu magana da koda kunne da kunnen kunne, bincikensa na kunne kunne ya bambanta da mine. (Daga baya, mai jin maganin ya gaya masa cewa kullin kunne na kunne yana da banbanci.)
03 na 05
Kowane mutum yana da Sanya daban-daban na sarari - Tare da sauti, a Kalla
Dalilin # 2: HRTFs Vary Radically.
Hanyoyin Kasuwanci na Kasa (HRTF) shine abin da kwakwalwarka ke amfani da ita don gano sauti a cikin uku. Ya haɗa da bambance-bambance a lokacin da sauti ya zo a kowane kunnuwanku; bambance-bambance a matakan sauti a kowane kunne; da kuma bambance-bambance a cikin amsawar sau da yawa da kullunku ke kai, kafadu, da kuma fayiloli lokacin da sauti ya fito daga wurare daban-daban. Kwajinka na kwakwalwa da kuma fassara duk waɗannan bayanai don gaya maka inda sauti yake fitowa daga.
Kwararrun ke kewaye da abubuwan da ke jikin jikinka, kuma canza yanayin da lokuta da za ku samu a lokacin sauraron ayyukan rayuwa ko saiti na masu magana. Abin takaici, kwakwalwarka ba ta da maɓallin "HRTF Bypass". Yayin da kake sanya waƙa kunne, kwakwalwarka tana sauraron wadanda ake kira HRTF, ba ya ji mutane da dama kuma hakan yana ba ka jin cewa mafi yawan sauti yana fitowa daga cikin kai.
Kamar yadda na koya lokacin da na ziyarci kamfanin da ake kira Virtual Listening Systems a farkon 1997, kowa yana da HRTF daban-daban. Don ƙirƙirar abin da ya zama Sennheiser Lucas makircin waya, VLS yayi auna HRTF na daruruwan batutuwa masu gwaji. Sun yi wannan ta amfani da ƙananan microphones da aka sanya a cikin hanyoyin 'kunnen kunne'. Kowace jarabawar ta zauna a cikin karamin ɗakin murya. Wani karamin karamin murya a kan hannu na robot ya motsa muryar MLS. Ƙarfin motar ya motsa mai magana ta hanyoyi fiye da 100, a wasu kusurwoyi da tsaka-tsaka, duk lokacin da aka gabatar da gwaji ya yi murmushi don haka ƙananan ƙwayoyin a cikin kunnuwan 'yan kunne zasu iya "ji" abubuwan da jikinsu ke ciki da kunnuwa a kunne.
(Masu goyon bayan murya na iya lura cewa wannan shi ne irin wannan hanya a hanyar da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar bincike mai amfani Smyth Research yana amfani dashi a cikin mai sarrafa A8.)
Na samu shiga cikin gwaji na VLS. Masana kimiyya na kamfanin sun dauki ma'anarta kuma suka taimaka musu ta hanyar mai sarrafawa wanda zai canza siginar murya don yi daidai da na HRTF. Sakamakon ya zama mai ban mamaki, kamar abin da na ji daga duk wani mai sarrafa waya. Na ji ainihin siffar mai magana da kai tsaye a gaban ni - wani abu da fasahohi kamar Dolby Headphone ba zai taba cimmawa ba.
VLS ya ɗauki sakamakon daga daruruwan batutuwa na gwajin don ƙirƙirar saitunan lasisi na 16, kowannensu ya yi tunani don daidaitawa daban-daban na HRTF. Danna ta cikin duk shirye-shiryen, an tabbatar da wuya a shirya a daya. Ina tuna wasu suna da kyau fiye da sauran, amma na yi wuya a zabi daga cikin mafi kyaun saiti hudu ko biyar. Babu wanda ya yi aiki a kusa da kusa da aikin da nake saurare na a cikin VLS's Lab.
Wannan shi yasa dalilin da yasa mafi yawan masu sarrafawa na murya basu da yawa. Duk da haka, duk da haka, dole ne su harbe wani nau'i na HRTF. Wataƙila za ku sami sa'a kuma ku yi kusa da wannan matsakaicin. Watakila sakamakon zai zama mawuyaci a gare ku. Ko wataƙila za ta zama dabara.
Saboda kowaccen HRTF ya bambanta, kowannensu yana da wata tsarar kudi - kamar irin ƙwaƙwalwar EQ - yana amfani da sauti mai zuwa. Lokacin da aka haɗa nauyin ƙayyadadden tsarin tare da halaye na jikinka, sakamakon shine sautin da kuke ji kowace rana. Lokacin da aka kawar da halaye na jikinka ta hanyar amfani da kunne, kwakwalwarka ta ci gaba da yin amfani da ita. Kuma saboda kowane ɗayan kwanakin da muke biya yana da ɗan bambanci, za mu iya zama daban-daban a cikin martani ga wannan murya.
04 na 05
Babu Sakon, Babu Bass
Dalili na # 3: Fit Fitwar Canjin.
Samun kyakkyawan aiki daga masu kunnuwa ya dogara da babban abin da ya dace. Musamman ma, wannan yana nufin fitin kunne na kunne a kunnen kunnenka, dacewa da kunnen kunne na kunne a kan tsinkayenku, ko kuma dacewa da maɓallin kunne na kunne ko murmushi na wayar hannu cikin kunnen ku. Idan akwai hatimi mai kyau, za ku sami duk bass da aka sanya don kunna. Idan akwai kullun ko'ina, za ku sami ƙasa maras kyau - kuma za ku fahimci ma'aunin tonal na wayar hannu kamar yadda ya fi dacewa.
A wani ɓangare, nauyin jiki na jikinka yana ƙayyade fitilun. Alal misali, idan babu wata matsala da ta zo da muryar kunne ta kunne ta dace da kai, wannan murya ba zai yi kyau a gare ka ba. Wannan na iya zama matsala a gare ni domin ina da kwarewar kunnuwan kunne, da kuma abokin aikinmu Geoff Morrison saboda yana da kyan kunne mai sauƙi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa koyaushe ina yaba masu yin amfani da su ciki harda biyar ko fiye da girma / tsarin kwarewa na kunne tare da kunnansu masu kunne. Har ila yau, me yasa basira mai amfani da kwarewa yana da daraja a bincika idan baka jin dadi tare da sauti na kunne na kunne.
Matsalar rashin lafiya kuma ta dace da kunne da kunnen kunne. Zan yi la'akari da cewa babbar matsala ce tare da karshen, saboda akwai matsala masu yawa ga hatimi mai kyau. Wadannan sun hada da tsawon lokaci da / ko gashi gashi, da tabarau, har ma da kunnen kunne. Sanya kunnen kunne a cikin tad kawai, ko da rabin millimita, kuma zaka iya rasa asarar isa don samun babban tasiri a kan sautunan murya.
Kayan kunne da kunnen kunne zai iya dace da wasu mutane fiye da wasu. Wasu ƙwaƙwalwar kunne kamar yadda Audeze LCD-XC ke da ƙananan kunne yana da yawa ba za su iya rufewa a kunnuwan da kunnuwan kananan mutane ba, musamman mata. A daidai wannan alamar, wasu masu tsalle-tsalle masu sauraron kunne ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya don saukar da ɗakunan kunne kamar mine.
Ya kamata a lura cewa hatimi mai kyau zai iya samun sakamako mai kyau. Tare da bashi-mai kunnuwan kunne, karamin hatimi kadan zai iya sa muryar su ta yi la'akari - wani abu da muka samu a yayin da aka yi wa Kamfanin Wirecutter Best $ 100. Babbar mashawarta ta wannan bunch ita ce IINP na Grain Audio, wanda a gare ni yana da kyakkyawar ladabi da kuma amsawar halitta. IEHP ya yi kyau sosai saboda na ɗauka cewa mafi yawan abin da aka ba da kayan shaƙuman kayan da aka ba su yana ba ni hatimi mai kyau. Ga kowa da kowa, duk da haka, bassukan IEHP sunyi tsalle. A bayyane ba na samun cikakken hatimi, amma kowa da kowa ya kasance - kuma ya canza ra'ayina na gaba game da sauti don mafi kyau.
05 na 05
Dalilin da Ba'a Kasancewa Kayan kunne ba
Dalili na # 4: Gwajiyar Abin Nuna.
Tabbas, akwai wasu dalilan da mutane ke nuna ra'ayi daban-daban na sauti mai sauti kamar yadda suke dacewa da sauran kayayyakin kayan layi.
Na farko shi ne mafi bayyane: Mutane daban-daban suna da dandano daban-daban a sauti. Waɗansu suna iya son bass kadan fiye da ku, ko kuma dan kadan kaɗan. A bayyane yake, za su fi son kunne fiye da yadda kake yi.
Wannan lamari ne ga wani batu. Sama da bayan al'ada iri-iri a cikin dandano, wasu mutane sun ɓata - ko mafi kuskuren sa, kuskure - ra'ayoyi game da sauti. Dukkanmu mun sadu da mutanen da ra'ayoyin sauti mai kyau ba su da yawa fiye da bashi mai ban mamaki. Wasu masu goyon baya masu sauraro suna son ƙarancin ƙwaƙƙwarar magana, wanda suke kuskure don cikakkun bayanai da daidaito. Na shiga wannan lokaci na kaina, amma rubuce-rubuce masu kayatarwa na J. Gordon Holt sun mike ni.
Abin da ya sa masu sauraro suka yi farin ciki shi ne YA, amma ba ya ƙaddamar da hukunci mafi kyau game da sautin murya ba sai dai ga wasu waɗanda ke raba abubuwan da suka dace ba, kuma ba a yi musu ba, bincike mai ban mamaki ba zai tabbatar da tantance su ba.
Dalili na # 5: Sauraron Ability Differs With Age, Gender and Lifestyle
Duk da yake mafi yawan mu fara rayuwa tare da cikakken sauraron sauraron sauraro, iyawar mu ta sauya kan rayuwarmu.
Da zarar an fallasa ku a cikin murya mai ƙarfi, mafi kusantar shi ne cewa kun rasa wasu sauraron ku a manyan ƙananan hanyoyi. Wannan shi ne matsala ga mutanen da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon (yin wasan kwaikwayo mai tsanani, wasan motsa jiki, farauta, da dai sauransu) da / ko aiki (gini, soja, masana'antu, da dai sauransu) ya nuna su zuwa babbar murya.
Da tsofaffi kai ne, mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa ka sami wasu asarar sauraron mita mai tsawo. Wannan shi ne batun da maza. Bisa ga takarda "Bambance-bambancen jinsi a binciken nazarin shekaru da yawa na haɗar haɗuwa da shekarun haihuwa," daga littafin Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , "... jijiyar hankali ya ragu fiye da sau biyu a cikin maza kamar yadda mata ke da shekaru masu yawa. 'yan kwalliya ... "Wannan yana cikin bangare domin mutane suna yawanci yawanci fiye da mata suna cikin ayyukan da suke nunawa da sautin murya, kamar duk waɗanda aka gani a sama. Kuma hakan ya faru ne saboda nazarin ya nuna wa maza suna sauraron sauti mai ƙarfi, ta hanyar factor +6 zuwa +10 dB a kan matakan da mata ke jin dadi.
A bayyane yake, halayen samfurori na samfurin mai jiwuwa zai canza yayin saurar mai sauraro. Alal misali, ƙaddamarwar tsararraɗɗen jituwa, wadda take faruwa a sauye-sauye 5 ko sau da yawa maɗaukakiyar sauti na sauti, zai zama abin damuwa ga mace mai shekaru 25 fiye da yadda suka kai mutum 60. Hakazalika, za a iya jin dadin amsawar kisa na 12 kHz ne ga mutum mai shekaru 60, duk da haka bai dace da mace mai shekaru 25 ba.
Menene Zamu Yi?
Tambayar da take da ita ita ce, ta yaya za mu kimanta kunne a cikin hanyar da ke da ma'ana da kuma amfani ga duk mai sauraro? Kuma ga kowane mai magana?
Abin takaici, zamu iya yiwuwa. Amma zamu iya zuwa kusa.
A ganina, amsar ita ce yin amfani da masu sauraren masu sauraro tare da nau'i daban-daban, daban-daban nau'i da kunnuwa na kunnukan kunne daban-daban. Wannan shi ne abin da Lauren Dragan yake yi a cikin tarar da ta ke yi na Wirecutter, kuma abin da muka yi a Sound & Vision lokacin da na ke can.
Na danganta zuwa wasu sake dubawa na masu kunnuwa na duba lokacin da zai yiwu. Na kuma kunshe da lab ma'auni - a nan kuma a cikin sake dubawa na Soundphone na SoundStage! Xperience - don ba da ra'ayi na ainihi game da abin da amsawar mai magana akai yake.
Matsayin "zinariya" zai kasance ya kunshi masu sauraron sau da yawa tare da ma'auni na lab. Na yi wannan a cikin sauti na zamani da na hangen nesa , amma ban san kowane littafi da ke faruwa a yanzu ba.
Akwai wata sauƙi mai sauƙi wanda zamu iya ɗauka daga wannan: Ka yi hankali kafin ka yi izgili da ra'ayoyin sauran mutane na masu kunne.
Musamman godiya ga Yakubu Soendergaard na GRAS Sound da Vibration da Dennis Burger don taimakon su da kuma mayar da martani kan wannan labarin. Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi ko sharhi, don Allah a e-mail a adireshin da aka jera a cikin halittu akan wannan shafin.